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| Preface | |
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| Contents | |
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| Units and conversion factors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Possible role of fuel cells and hydrogen | |
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| Hydrogen | |
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| Production of hydrogen | |
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| Steam reforming | |
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| Partial oxidation, autothermal and dry reforming | |
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| Water electrolysis: reverse fuel cell operation | |
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| Gasification and woody biomass conversion | |
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| Biological hydrogen production | |
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| Photosynthesis, Bio-hydrogen production pathways, Hydrogen production by purple bacteria, Fermentation and other processes in the dark, Industrial-scale production of bio-hydrogen | |
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| Photodissociation | |
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| Direct thermal or catalytic splitting of water | |
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| Issues related to scale of production | |
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| Centralised hydrogen production | |
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| Distributed hydrogen production | |
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| Vehicle on-board fuel reforming | |
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| Production of methanol, Methanol-to-hydrogen conversion | |
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| Hydrogen conversion overview | |
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| Uses as an energy carrier | |
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| Uses, as an energy storage medium | |
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| Combustion uses | |
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| Stationary fuel cell uses | |
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| Fuel cell uses for transportation | |
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| Direct uses | |
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| Hydrogen storage options | |
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| Compressed gas storage | |
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| Liquid hydrogen storage | |
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| Hydride storage | |
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| Chemical thermodynamics, Metal hydrides, Complex hydrides, Modelling metal hydrides Cryo-adsorbed gas storage in carbon materials | |
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| Other chemical storage options | |
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| Comparing storage options | |
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| Hydrogen transmission | |
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| Container transport | |
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| Pipeline transport | |
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| Problems and discussion topics | |
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| Fuel cells | |
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| Basic concepts | |
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| Electrochemistry and thermodynamics of fuel cells | |
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| Electrochemical device definitions, Fuel cells | |
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| Modelling aspects | |
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| Quantum chemistry approaches | |
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| Hartree-Fock approximation, Basis sets and molecular orbitals, Higher interactions and excited states: M�ller-Plesset perturbation theory or density function phenome-nological approach ? | |
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| Application to water splitting or fuel cell performance at a metal surface | |
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| Flow and diffusion modelling | |
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| The temperature factor | |
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| Molten carbonate cells | |
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| Solid oxide cells | |
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| Acid and alkaline cells | |
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| Proton exchange membrane cells | |
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| Current collectors and gas delivery system | |
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| Gas diffusion layers | |
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| Membrane layer | |
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| Catalyst action | |
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| Overall performance | |
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| High-temperature and reverse operation | |
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| Degradation and lifetime | |
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| Direct methanol and other non-hydrogen cells | |
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| Biofuel cells | |
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| Problems and discussion topics | |
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| Systems | |
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| Passenger cars | |
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| Overall system options for passenger cars | |
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| PEM fuel cell cars | |
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| Performance simulation | |
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| Other road vehicles | |
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| Ships, trains and airplanes | |
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| Power plants and stand-alone systems | |
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| Building-integrated systems | |
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| Portable and other small-scale systems | |
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| Problems and discussion topics | |
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| Implementation scenarios | |
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| Infrastructure requirements | |
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| Storage infrastructure | |
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| Transmission infrastructure | |
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| Local distribution | |
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| Filling stations | |
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| Building-integrated concepts | |
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| Safety and norm issues | |
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| Safety concerns | |
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| Safety requirements | |
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| National and international standards | |
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| Scenarios based on fossil energy | |
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| Scenario techniques and demand modelling | |
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| Global clean fossil scenario | |
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| Clean fossil technologies, Fossil resource considerations, The fossil scenario, Evaluation of the clean fossil scenario | |
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| Scenarios based on nuclear energy | |
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| History and present concerns | |
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| Safe nuclear technologies | |
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| Inherently safe designs, Technical details of energy amplifier, Nuclear resources assessment, Safe nuclear scenario construction, Evaluation of the safe nuclear scenario | |
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| Scenarios based on renewable energy | |
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| Global renewable energy scenarios | |
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| Detailed national renewable energy scenario | |
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| Danish energy demand in 2050, Available renewable resources, Construction of 2050 scenarios for Denmark, Centralised scenario, Decentralised scenario, Assessment of renewable energy scenarios | |
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| New regional scenarios | |
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| Problems and discussion topics | |
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| Social implications | |
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| Cost expectations | |
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| Hydrogen production costs | |
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| Fuel cell costs | |
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| Hydrogen storage costs | |
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| Infrastructure costs | |
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| System costs | |
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| Life-cycle analysis of environmental and social impacts 372 | |
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| Purpose and methodology of life-cycle analysis | |
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| Life-cycle analysis of hydrogen production | |
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| Conventional production by steam reforming, Production by electrolysis, Direct bio-production of hydrogen from cyanobacteria or algae, Impacts from use of genetically engineered organisms, Hydrogen from fermentation of biomass | |
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| Life-cycle analysis of fuel cells | |
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| SOFCs and MCFCs, PEM fuel cells | |
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| Life-cycle comparison of conventional passenger car and passenger car with fuel cells | |
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| Environmental impact analysis, Social and economic impact analysis, Overall assessment | |
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| Life-cycle assessment of other vehicles for transportation | |
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| Life-cycle assessment of hydrogen storage and infrastructure | |
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| Life-cycle assessment of hydrogen systems | |
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| Uncertainties | |
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| Problems and discussion topics | |
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| Conclusion: a conditional outcome | |
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| Opportunities | |
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| Obstacles | |
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| The competition | |
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| The way forward | |
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| Hydrogen storage in renewable energy systems | |
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| Fuel cell vehicles | |
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| Building-integrated fuel cells | |
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| Fuel cells in portable equipment | |
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| Fuel cells in centralised power production | |
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| Efficiency considerations | |
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| How much time do we have? | |
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| The end, and a beginning | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |