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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Sensory Evaluation | |
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| Introduction and objective | |
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| Historical background | |
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| Development of sensory evaluation | |
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| Defining sensory evaluation | |
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| A physiological and psychological perspective | |
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| The Organization and Operation of a Sensory Evaluation Program | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Organizing a sensory evaluation program | |
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| Goals and objectives | |
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| Program strategy | |
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| Professional staff | |
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| Facilities | |
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| Test methods | |
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| Selection of subjects | |
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| Subject screening procedures | |
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| Performance monitoring and motivation | |
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| Requests and reports | |
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| Operations manual | |
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| Planning and research | |
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| Strategic use of research vendors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Components of measurement: scales | |
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| Nominal scales | |
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| Ordinal scales | |
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| Interval scales | |
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| Ratio scales | |
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| Selected measurement techniques | |
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| Hedonic scale | |
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| Face scales | |
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| Labeled affective magnitude scale | |
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| Just-about-right scale | |
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| Other scales of interest | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Strategy and the Design of Experiments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Test request and objective | |
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| Product criteria | |
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| Psychological errors | |
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| Error of central tendency | |
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| Time-order error | |
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| Error of expectation | |
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| Error of habituation and of anticipation | |
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| Stimulus error | |
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| Logical error and leniency error | |
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| Halo effect | |
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| Proximity error | |
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| Contrast and convergence errors | |
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| Statistical considerations | |
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| Reliability and validity | |
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| Replication | |
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| Independence and dependence of judgments | |
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| Random selection of subjects | |
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| Risk in the decision-making process: Type 1 and Type 2 errors | |
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| Statistical measures | |
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| Experimental design considerations | |
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| Selected product designs | |
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| Discrimination Testing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods | |
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| Paired-comparison test | |
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| Duo-trio test | |
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| Triangle test | |
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| Other test methods | |
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| Components of testing | |
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| Organization and test management | |
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| Test requests | |
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| Test objectives | |
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| Test procedures | |
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| Data analysis and interpretation | |
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| The just-noticeable difference | |
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| Special problems | |
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| Is there preference after difference? | |
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| Magnitude of degree of difference | |
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| Equivalency and similarity testing | |
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| Description of difference | |
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| Summary | |
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| Descriptive Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Test methods | |
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| Flavor profile | |
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| Texture profile | |
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| Quantitative descriptive analysis (the QDA method) | |
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| Spectrum descriptive analysis | |
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| Free-choice profiling | |
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| Other methods | |
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| Experts and expert panels | |
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| Applications for descriptive analysis | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Affective Testing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods | |
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| Paired comparison | |
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| Hedonic scale | |
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| Other methods | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Types of acceptance testing | |
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| Laboratory testing | |
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| Central location testing | |
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| Special types of central location tests | |
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| In-home-use tests | |
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| Other types of acceptance tests | |
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| Special issues | |
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| Sensory science versus marketing research/consumer insights | |
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| The difference-preference test | |
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| The curse of N | |
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| The scorecard as a short story | |
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| The many ways to ask the preference question | |
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| What question do I ask first? | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Strategic Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Front end of innovation | |
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| Product development | |
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| Product optimization | |
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| Sensory, physical, and chemical relationships | |
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| Stability testing | |
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| Quality control | |
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| Market audits | |
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| Extended-use testing | |
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| Sensory and legal claims for advertising | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Educating the sensory professional | |
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| The future | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |