| |
| |
Contributors | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Foreword | |
| |
| |
Autism: Neuropathology, Alterations of the GABAergic System, and Animal Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Neuropathologic Alterations in Specific Brain Regions in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
GABAergic Abnormalities in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA and Brain Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Animal Models of Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Discussion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
The Role of GABA in the Early Neuronal Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The GABA Signaling System in the Developing CNS | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA as a Developmental Signal | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Remarks | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
GABAergic Signaling in the Developing Cerebeilum | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
GABAergic System in the Cerebellar Cortex | |
| |
| |
| |
GABAergic Signaling Before Synaptogenesis | |
| |
| |
| |
Formation of GABAergic Synapses | |
| |
| |
| |
Functions of GABAergic Synapses in the Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Insights into GABA Functions in the Developing Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Adult Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
| |
The Developing Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA[subscript A] Receptors and the Developing Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
| |
Depolarization and Neurotrophins Are Trophic Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
Establishing an In Vitro Model to Study the Developing Cerebellar Granule Neurons | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA-Mediated Depolarization and Calcium Increases | |
| |
| |
| |
Intracellular Pathways Activated Downstream GABA[subscript A] Receptors | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Role of GABA in the Mechanism of the Onset of Puberty in Non-Human Primates | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Developmental Changes in Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Release | |
| |
| |
| |
Developmental Changes in GABA Release | |
| |
| |
| |
Evidence for GABA as an Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Before Puberty | |
| |
| |
| |
Interference of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Puberty | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Possible Factors Associated with Developmental Changes in GABAergic Function | |
| |
| |
| |
The Pubertal Reduction in GABAergic Inhibition is Followed by an Increase in Glutamatergic Tone | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Rett Syndrome: A Rosetta Stone for Understanding the Molecular Pathogenesis of Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Overlapping Syndromes: Rett Syndrome, Angelman Syndrome, and Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
The 15q11-13 Imprinted Gene Cluster | |
| |
| |
| |
MeCP2: A "Rosetta Stone" for Autism? | |
| |
| |
| |
GABRB3 Expression in Normal Development and Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
The Dynamics of Chromatin and Nuclear Organization within the Maturing Neuron | |
| |
| |
| |
A Higher Order Model for MeCP2 in Regulating Gene Expression within 15q11-13 | |
| |
| |
| |
Future Directions and Remaining Questions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
GABAergic Cerebellar System in Autism: A Neuropathological and Developmental Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The GABAergic System in the Cerebellum in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Functional Consequences of Altered Cerebellar Function in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Future and Ongoing Neuropathological Experiments to Further Understand How Cerebellar Circuitry is Altered in Autism | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Reelin Glycoprotein in Autism and Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Reelin Gene and Protein | |
| |
| |
| |
Reelin Signaling Cascade | |
| |
| |
| |
The Reeler Mouse | |
| |
| |
| |
Reelin in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Reelin in Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Is There A Connection Between Autism, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Catatonia, and GABA? | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Plasma GABA as Marker for Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Insurgent Catatonia | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA in Catatonia | |
| |
| |
| |
Catatonia in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Catatonia in Prader-Willi Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
GABA in Prader-Willi Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Alcohol, GABA Receptors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Alcohol and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Role of GABA and GABA Receptors | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Effects of Secretin on Extracellular GABA and Other Amino Acid Concentrations in the Rat Hippocampus | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Aim | |
| |
| |
| |
Materials and Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Results | |
| |
| |
| |
Discussion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Predicted Role of Secretin and Oxytocin in the Treatment of Behavioral and Developmental Disorders: Implications for Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Background | |
| |
| |
| |
Findings | |
| |
| |
| |
Future Directions | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Immunological Findings in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Immune Dysfunction in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Role of Viral Infections in Autistic Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Role of Environmental Factors in Autistic Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Inflammatory Mediators in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Involvement of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Autoimmunity in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Correlates of Psychomotor Symptoms in Autism | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Stereotypic Behaviors | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
GABRB3 Gene Deficient Mice: A Potential Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Characteristics of GABRB3 Null Mice | |
| |
| |
| |
Morphology | |
| |
| |
| |
Neurochemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrophysiology | |
| |
| |
| |
Epilepsy | |
| |
| |
| |
Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Remarks | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
The Reeler Mouse: Anatomy of a Mutant | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Neuroanatomy of Reeler and Reeler-Like Mutants | |
| |
| |
| |
Reelin | |
| |
| |
| |
The Reelin Signaling Pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
The Biological Activities of Reelin | |
| |
| |
| |
Reelin and Human Diseases | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Shared Chromosomal Susceptibility Regions Between Autism and Other Mental Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |
| |
| |
Contents of Recent Volumes | |