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Preface | |
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Prologue: Signal transduction, origins and personalities | |
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Transduction, the word and its meaning: one dictionary, different points of view | |
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Hormones, evolution and history | |
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Hormones: a definition | |
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Neurotransmitters | |
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Ergot | |
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Receptors and ligands | |
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First messengers | |
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Hormones | |
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Binding of ligands to receptors | |
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Receptors | |
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Adrenaline (again) | |
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[alpha]- and [beta]-adrenergic receptors | |
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Acetylcholine receptors | |
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Ion channel-linked receptors | |
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The 7TM superfamily of G-protein linked receptors | |
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Receptor-ligand interaction and receptor activation | |
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Transmitting signals into cells | |
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Intracellular 7TM receptor domains and signal transmission | |
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Adrenaline (yet again) | |
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GTP-binding proteins and signal transduction | |
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Nucleotides as metabolic regulators | |
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GTP-binding proteins, G-proteins or GTPases | |
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Ras proteins | |
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Ras-GAPs | |
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Essay: Activation of G-proteins without subunit dissociation | |
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Effector enzymes coupled to GTP-binding proteins: Adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C | |
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Adenylyl cyclase | |
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Phospholipase C | |
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The regulation of visual transduction | |
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Sensitivity of photoreceptors | |
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Photoreceptor mechanisms | |
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Adaptation: calcium acts as a negative regulator | |
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Photo-excitation of rhodopsin | |
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Switching off the mechanism | |
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A note on phototransduction in invertebrates | |
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Calcium and signal transduction | |
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A new second messenger is discovered | |
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Calcium and evolution | |
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Distinguishing Ca[superscript 2+] and Mg[superscript 2+] | |
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Free, bound and trapped Ca[superscript 2+] | |
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Cytosol Ca[superscript 2+] is kept low | |
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Detecting changes in cytosol Ca[superscript 2+] | |
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Mechanisms that elevate cytosol Ca[superscript 2+] concentration | |
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The pattern of cytosol Ca[superscript 2+] changes in single cells | |
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Localization of intracellular second messengers | |
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Calcium signalling | |
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Calcium binding by proteins | |
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Effects of elevated calcium | |
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Paradigms of calcium signalling | |
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Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation: Protein kinases A and C | |
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Protein phosphorylation as a switch in cellular functioning | |
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cAMP and the amplification of signals | |
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Protein kinase A | |
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Protein kinase A and the regulation of transcription | |
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Protein kinase A and the activation of ERK | |
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Actions of cAMP not mediated by PKA | |
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Protein kinase C | |
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The protein kinase C family | |
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Structural domains and activation of protein kinase C | |
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Multiple sources of DAG and other lipids to activate PKC | |
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Differential localization of PKC isoforms | |
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PKC anchoring proteins, STICKs, PICKs and RACKs | |
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PKC and cell transformation | |
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PKC and inflammation | |
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Growth factors: Setting the framework | |
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Viruses and tumours | |
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The discovery of NGF ... and EGF | |
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Platelet derived growth factor | |
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Transforming growth factors | |
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Problems with nomenclature | |
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Essay: The cell cycle | |
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Essay: Cancer and cell transformation | |
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Signalling pathways operated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases | |
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The tyrosine kinase family | |
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Tyrosine kinase-containing receptors | |
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Branching of the signalling pathway | |
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A switch in receptor signalling: Activation of ERK by 7TM receptors | |
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Signalling pathways operated by non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases | |
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The non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase family | |
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Interferons and their effects | |
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Oncogenes, malignancy and signal transduction | |
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Essay: Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases and their activation | |
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinases, protein kinase B and signalling through the insulin receptor | |
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Insulin receptor signalling; it took some time to discover | |
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PI 3-kinase | |
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Insulin: The role of IRS, PI 3-kinase and PKB in the regulation of glycogen synthesis | |
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Other processes mediated by the 3-phosphorylated inositol phospholipids | |
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Multiple kinases and multiple phosphorylation sites, PDK1 as an integrator of multiple inputs | |
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So, who did discover insulin? | |
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Signal transduction to and from adhesion molecules | |
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Adhesion molecules | |
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Adhesion molecules and cell survival | |
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Adhesion molecules and regulation of the cell cycle | |
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Adhesion molecules as tumour suppressors | |
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Essay: Apoptosis | |
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Adhesion molecules and trafficking of leukocytes | |
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Inflammation and its mediators | |
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TNF[alpha] and regulation of adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells | |
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Signalling through receptor bound protein serine/threonine kinases | |
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The TGF[beta] family of growth factors | |
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Downstream signalling; Drosophila, Caenorhabditis and Smad | |
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Protein dephosphorylation and protein phosphorylation | |
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The importance of dephosphorylation | |
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The role of PTPs in signal transduction | |
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Negative regulation through dephosphorylation | |
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Serine-threonine phosphatases | |
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Classification of protein serine-threonine phosphatases | |
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Protein domains and signal transduction | |
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Structurally conserved protein modules | |
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Domains that bind oligopeptide motifs | |
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Domains that bind proteins and lipids | |
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Polypeptide modules that bind Ca[superscript 2+] | |
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Protein kinase domains | |
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Index | |