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| Preface | |
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| Groundwater: the Big Picture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global Water Reservoirs and Fluxes | |
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| Terminology for Subsurface Waters | |
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| Fluxes Affecting Groundwater | |
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| Infiltration and Recharge | |
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| Evapotranspiration | |
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| Groundwater Discharge to Surface Water Bodies | |
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| Pumping | |
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| Hydrologic Balance | |
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| Water and Groundwater Use | |
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| What Groundwater Scientists Do | |
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| Problems | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Properties of Water | |
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| Density and Compressibility | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Surface Tension and Capillarity | |
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| Properties of Air | |
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| Properties of Porous Media | |
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| Porosity | |
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| Grain Size | |
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| Volumetric Water Content and Bulk Density | |
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| Energy and Hydraulic Head | |
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| Hydrostatics | |
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| Measuring Hydraulic Head with Wells and Piezometers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Principles of Flow | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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| Specific Discharge and Average Linear Velocity | |
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| Darcy's Law in Three Dimensions | |
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| Intrinsic Permeability and Conductivity of Other Fluids | |
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| Limits on the Application of Darcy's Law | |
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| The Continuum Assumption | |
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| Laminar and Turbulent Flow | |
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| Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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| Estimating Average Hydraulic Conductivities | |
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| Transmissivity | |
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| Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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| Correlations of Grain Size to Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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| Laboratory Hydraulic Conductivity Tests | |
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| Slug Tests | |
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| Pumping Tests | |
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| Tracer Tests | |
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| Modeling Natural Systems | |
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| Flow in Fractured Rock | |
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| Unsaturated Flow | |
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| Water Content and Pressure | |
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| Measuring Pressures below Atmospheric | |
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| Water Content, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Darcy's Law | |
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| Flow of Groundwater with Variable Density | |
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| Fresh-Salt Water Interfaces in Coastal Aquifers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Geology and Groundwater Flow | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Exploring the Subsurface | |
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| Excavation | |
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| Direct-Push Probes | |
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| Drilling | |
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| Well Construction | |
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| Resistivity, Electromagnetic, and Radar Surveys | |
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| Seismic Refraction Surveys | |
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| Borehole Logging | |
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| General Patterns of Groundwater Flow | |
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| Aquifers and Confining Layers | |
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| Recharge and Discharge | |
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| Water Table and Potentiometric Surface Maps | |
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| Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water | |
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| Crustal-Scale Pore Fluid Flow | |
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| Groundwater in Unconsolidated Deposits | |
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| The High Plains Aquifer | |
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| New Jersey Coastal Plain | |
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| Western Cape Cod Glacial Deposits | |
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| Groundwater in Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| The Dakota Sandstone Aquifer | |
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| Karst at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky | |
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| Groundwater in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Columbia Plateau Basalts, Northwest U.S. | |
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| Frozen Ground and Permafrost | |
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| Problems | |
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| Deformation, Storage, and General Flow Equations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Effective Stress | |
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| Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations | |
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| Excavation Instability and Liquefaction | |
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| Slope Instability | |
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| Vaiont Reservoir Slide | |
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| Earthquakes and Groundwater Pressures | |
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| Matrix Compression | |
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| Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley | |
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| Consolidation: Time-Dependent Compression | |
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| Pore Water Pressures in Sedimentary Basins | |
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| Changes in Subsurface Water Storage | |
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| Elastic Storage | |
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| Water Table Storage | |
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| General Flow Equations | |
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| Three-Dimensional Saturated Flow | |
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| Two-Dimensional Saturated Flow in Aquifers | |
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| Three-Dimensional Unsaturated Flow | |
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| Overview of Mathematical Modeling | |
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| Problems | |
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| Modeling Steady Flow with Basic Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Aquifers with Uniform Transmissivity | |
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| Solution for Uniform Flow | |
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| Solution for Radial Flow to a Well | |
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| Solution for Uniform Recharge/Leakage | |
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| Estimating the Recharge/Transmissivity Ratio | |
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| Superposition | |
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| Capture Zone of a Well in Uniform Flow | |
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| Wells Near Straight Constant Head Boundaries | |
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| Wells Near Straight Impermeable Boundaries | |
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| Wells Near Circular Constant Head Boundaries | |
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| Analyzing the Long-Term Drawdown of Wells | |
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| Vertical Plane Flow | |
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| Flow Net Graphical Solutions | |
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| Boundary Conditions | |
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| Discharges | |
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| How to Draw Flow Nets | |
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| Anisotropic Systems | |
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| Deciding Whether to Use a One-, Two-, or Three-Dimensional Model | |
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| Unconfined Aquifers with a Horizontal Base | |
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| Solutions for Uniform Flow, Radial Flow, and Uniform Recharge | |
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| Superposition and Imaging | |
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| Problems | |
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| Modeling Transient Flow with Basic Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radial Flow in Aquifers with Uniform Transmissivity | |
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| The Theis Nonleaky Aquifer Solution | |
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| The Hantush-Jacob Solution for a Leaky Aquifer | |
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| The Neuman Solution for an Unconfined Aquifer | |
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| Pumping Test Analysis | |
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| Log-Log Curve Matching | |
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| Semi-Log Drawdown vs. Time | |
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| Pseudo-Steady Drawdown vs. Distance | |
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| Constant-Drawdown Variable Discharge Test | |
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| Additional Considerations for Pumping Tests | |
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| Superposition in Space--Multiple Wells and Aquifer Boundaries | |
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| Superposition in Time--Variable Pumping Rates at a Well | |
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| Partial Penetration and Hydraulics Near the Pumping Well | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer-Assisted Flow Modeling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Finite Difference Method | |
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| Finite Difference Equations | |
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| Boundary Conditions | |
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| Example Application | |
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| Finite Element Method | |
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| Finite Element Equations | |
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| Boundary Conditions | |
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| Analytic Element Method | |
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| Equations for Two-Dimensional Aquifer Flow | |
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| Common Elements | |
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| Example Application | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of These Methods | |
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| Model Calibration and Parameter Estimation | |
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| Interpreting Model Results | |
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| Problems | |
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| Groundwater Chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Molecular Properties of Water | |
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| Solute Concentration Units | |
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| Natural Solutes | |
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| Inorganic Solutes | |
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| Electroneutrality | |
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| Presenting Inorganic Data Graphically | |
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| Organic Solutes | |
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| Chemical Reactions | |
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| Equilibrium | |
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| Activity and Effective Concentration | |
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| Reaction Rates and Deviation from Equilibrium | |
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| Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation | |
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| Gas-Water Partitioning | |
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| Aqueous-Phase Reactions | |
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| pH, Acids, and Bases | |
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| Carbonate Reactions and Alkalinity | |
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| Metal Complexes | |
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| Oxidation and Reduction | |
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| Biogeochemical Redox Reactions | |
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| Sorption | |
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| Surface Complexation of Ions | |
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| Nonpolar Organic Compounds | |
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| Isotopes | |
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| Stable Isotopes and Water Origins | |
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| Radioisotopes and Age Dating | |
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| Groundwater Records of Paleoclimate | |
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| Examples of Natural Groundwater Chemistry Processes | |
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| Floridan Aquifer: Regional Scale | |
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| Floridan Aquifer: Local Scale | |
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| Milk River Aquifer | |
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| Problems | |
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| Groundwater Contamination | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Contamination Sources | |
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| Leaking Storage Tanks | |
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| Septic Systems | |
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| Landfills | |
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| Others | |
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| Organic Contaminants | |
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| Overview of Migration Patterns | |
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| Structure and Occurrence of Common Contaminants | |
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| Properties of Common Contaminants | |
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| Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids | |
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| Saturation, and Wetting and Nonwetting Fluids | |
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| Interfacial Tension and Capillary Pressure | |
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| Capillary Pressure vs. Saturation and Residual Saturation | |
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| Relative Permeability and Flow of Multiple Phases | |
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| Solute Transport Processes | |
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| Advection and Mechanical Dispersion | |
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| Molecular Diffusion | |
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| Sorption | |
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| Colloid Transport | |
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| Case Studies of Solute Transport | |
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| CFB Borden, Ontario Tracer Test | |
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| North Carolina Gasoline and Diesel Spill | |
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| Modeling Solute Transport | |
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| Modeling Dispersion and Diffusion | |
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| General Equations for Nonreactive Solutes | |
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| General Equations for Reactive Solutes | |
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| Boundary Conditions | |
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| One-Dimensional Solution for a Step Inlet Source | |
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| Solution for a Pulse Point Source | |
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| Other More Complex Solutions | |
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| Investigating Contamination | |
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| Sampling Groundwater | |
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| Sampling Pore Gases | |
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| Electromagnetic Surveys | |
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| Investigating NAPLs | |
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| Remediating Contamination | |
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| Source Removal or Isolation | |
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| NAPL Recovery | |
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| Hydraulic Control of Solute Plumes | |
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| Soil Vapor Extraction | |
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| Bioremediation | |
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| Engineered In Situ Reaction Zones | |
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| Problems | |
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| Units and Conversions | |
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| Length [L] | |
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| Area [L[superscript 2] | |
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| Volume [L[superscript 3] | |
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| Time [T] | |
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| Mass [M] and Weight [ML/T[superscript 2] at Earth's Surface | |
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| Force [ML/T[superscript 2] | |
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| Pressure or Stress [M/LT[superscript 2] | |
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| Energy [ML[superscript 2]/T[superscript 2] | |
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| Power [ML[superscript 2]/T[superscript 3] | |
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| Angle | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Velocity and Hydraulic Conductivity [L/T] | |
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| Transmissivity [L[superscript 2]/T] | |
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| Discharge (Flow Rate) [L[superscript 3]/T] | |
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| Unit Prefixes | |
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| Performing Unit Conversions | |
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| Mathematics Primer | |
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| Algebra and Geometry | |
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| Functions of One Variable | |
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| Formulas for Common Derivatives | |
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| Functions of Two or More Variables | |
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| Book Internet Site | |
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| Answers to Selected Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |