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| Preface | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| The Atom | |
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| The Bohr Atom | |
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| Beyond the Bohr Atom--Quantum Mechanics | |
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| Ionization and Valences | |
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| Spectra and Elemental Analysis | |
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| The Nucleus | |
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| Chemical Bonding | |
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| Atomic and Molecular Weights | |
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| Measurement of Concentration | |
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| Types of Chemical Reactions | |
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| Determining and Balancing a Chemical Equation | |
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| Gases | |
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| Structure and Properties of Water | |
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| Box Models and Geochemical Cycles | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Kinetics | |
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| The Laws of Thermodynamics | |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Equilibrium Thermodynamics | |
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| Free Energy | |
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| Chemical Potential | |
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| Activity and Fugacity | |
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| The Equilibrium Constant | |
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| Henry's Law | |
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| Free Energies at Temperatures Other than 25[degree]C | |
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| Le Chatelier's Principle | |
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| Calculation of Activity Coefficients | |
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| Debye-Huckel Model | |
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| Truesdell-Jones Model | |
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| Pitzer Model | |
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| Why Do We Care about Activity-Coefficient Models? | |
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| Calculation of Activity Coefficients for Uncharged Species | |
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| Activity of Water | |
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| Aqueous Complexes | |
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| Measurement of Disequilbrium | |
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| Kinetics | |
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| Order of Reactions | |
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| The Arrhenius Equation | |
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| Nucleation | |
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| Dissolution and Growth | |
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| Water-Chemistry Computer Models | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Acid-Base Equilibria | |
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| Definition of Acids and Bases | |
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| Acids | |
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| Bases | |
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| The Dissociation of Water and pH | |
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| pH of Natural Waters | |
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| Strong Acids | |
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| Weak Acids | |
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| Salts of Weak Acids and Strong Bases | |
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| Strong Bases | |
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| Amphoteric Hydroxides | |
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| Acidity and Alkalinity | |
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| Acidity and Alkalinity Titrations | |
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| Buffers | |
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| Buffering Index for H2O | |
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| Buffering Index for a Weak Monoprotic Acid | |
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| Buffering Index for Weak Polyprotic Acids | |
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| Mineral-Water Reactions | |
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| Buffering Index for the Calcite-Carbonic Acid System | |
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| Buffering Index for Water-Silicate Mineral Systems | |
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| Buffering Capacities of Natural Waters | |
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| Mineral Reactivity | |
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| Acid-Base Equilibria Case Studies | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Electrochemical Cells | |
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| Electromotive Series | |
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| Electromotive Force | |
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| Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations | |
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| The Nernst Equation and Eh | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and pe | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Diagrams | |
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| Stability of Water | |
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| Constructing Eh-pH Diagrams | |
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| The Role of Microorganisms in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Microorganisms and Energy Pathways | |
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| Examples of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Mediated by Microorganisms | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Natural Systems | |
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| Redox Buffering | |
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| Classification of Oxidation-Reduction Environments | |
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| Oxidative and Reductive Capacity | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Ladders | |
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| The Redox Interface | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Carbon Chemistry | |
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| Basic Structures and Naming of Organic Compounds | |
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| Formulas | |
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| Isomers | |
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| Hydrocarbons | |
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| Naming and Types of Hydrocarbon Compounds | |
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| Functional Groups | |
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| Organohalide Compounds | |
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| Organooxygen Compounds | |
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| Organonitrogen Compounds | |
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| Organosulfur Compounds | |
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| Organophosphorus Compounds | |
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| Esters | |
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| Polymers | |
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| Carbon Compounds in the Environment | |
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| Natural Sources | |
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| Anthropogenic Sources | |
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| Humic Substances | |
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| Soil and Marine Organic Matter | |
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| Soil Organic Matter | |
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| Marine Organic Matter | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Coals | |
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| Petroleum | |
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| Natural Carbon Inputs to Surface and Ground Waters | |
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| Anthropogenic Carbon Inputs to Surface and Ground Waters | |
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| Organic Carbon | |
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| Pesticides | |
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| Dioxins, PCBs, and Dibenzofurans (DFs) | |
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| PAHs | |
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| NAPLs | |
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| Geochemical and Biochemical Processes That Control the Concentration of Organic Chemicals in Water | |
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| Sorption/Partition | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| Volatilization | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction | |
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| Biological Processes | |
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| Degradation Half-life | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Isotopes | |
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| Radioactive Isotopes | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Tritium Dating | |
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| Carbon-14 Dating | |
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| U-series Disequilibrium Methods of Dating | |
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| Radiogenic Isotopic Tracers | |
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| Stable Isotopes | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Water | |
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| Carbon | |
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| Nitrogen | |
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| Sulfur | |
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| Mixing | |
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| Paleothermometry | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Environmental Mineralogy | |
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| Basic Mineralogy | |
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| Definition of a Mineral | |
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| Types of Minerals | |
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| Crystal Chemistry | |
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| X-ray Crystallography | |
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| Basic Silicate Structures | |
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| Clay Minerals | |
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| Clay Mineral Structures | |
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| Ion-Exchange Properties--Origin | |
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| Ion-Exchange Properties--Determination | |
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| Zeolites | |
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| The Asbestos Minerals | |
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| Crystal Structures of Asbestos Minerals | |
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| Types of Asbestos and Their Uses | |
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| Health Effects of Asbestos Exposure | |
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| Crystalline and Amorphous Silica | |
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| Dissolution of Silica Minerals | |
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| Health Effects of Silica Exposure | |
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| Mineral-Microorganism Interactions | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Atmospheric Environment | |
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| Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere | |
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| Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere | |
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| Solar and Terrestrial Radiation | |
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| Atmospheric Circulation | |
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| Temperature and Water Vapor Variations | |
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| Air Pollution | |
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| Types of Air Pollutants | |
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| Aerosols | |
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| Smogs | |
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| Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change | |
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| Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Climate Change and the Geologic Record | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Stratospheric Ozone | |
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| Tropospheric Ozone | |
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| Radon | |
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| Rainwater Chemistry | |
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| Ionic Species | |
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| Gaseous Species | |
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| National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) | |
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| pH of Rainwater and Acid Rain | |
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| Chemistry and Sources of Atmospheric Particulates (Aerosols) | |
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| Types of Particulates | |
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| Removal of Particulates from the Atmosphere | |
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| Particulate Sampling | |
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| Air Mass Trajectories | |
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| Source Identification and Apportionment | |
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| Temporal Variations in Particulate Compositions | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Continental Environment | |
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| The Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Weathering | |
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| Dissolution and Precipitation of Silica | |
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| Dissolution and Precipitation of Aluminum and Iron Hydroxides | |
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| Stability Diagrams | |
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| Geochemistry of Surface and Ground Waters | |
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| Variations in River and Groundwater Chemistry | |
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| Rivers | |
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| Groundwaters | |
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| Lakes | |
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| pH of Surface and Ground Waters | |
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| Adsorption-Desorption Processes | |
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| Adsorption of Metal Cations | |
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| Colloids | |
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| Isotherms and Partitioning of Species | |
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| Ion Exchange | |
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| Adsorption and Contaminant Transport | |
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| Complex Formation and Chelation | |
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| Metals | |
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| Metal Cycles | |
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| Acid Drainage | |
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| Heavy Metals | |
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| Radioactive Isotopes and Radioactive Waste Disposal | |
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| Nonmetals | |
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| Carbon | |
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| Halogens | |
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| Nitrogen | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Sulfur | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Marine Environment | |
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| Physical Aspects of the Open Ocean | |
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| Vertical Structure of the Ocean | |
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| Oceanic Circulation | |
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| Constancy of Composition and Salinity | |
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| Chemical Composition of the Open Ocean | |
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| Residence Time of Seawater Species | |
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| The Global Chemical Cycle for Seawater Species | |
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| Processes Controlling Seawater Composition | |
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| Seawater Chemistry | |
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| Seawater Alkalinity and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) | |
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| Seawater pH | |
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| Speciation and Stoichiometric Equilibrium Constants | |
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| Seawater Buffers and Buffering Capacity | |
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| Inorganic and Organic Ligands in Seawater | |
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| Trace Metals in Marine Colloids | |
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| Trace Metals in Seawater | |
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| Types of Metal Distributions | |
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| Determination of Scavenging Rates | |
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| Geochemistry of Marine Sediments | |
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| Distribution of Deep-Sea Sediments | |
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| Authigenesis in Marine Sediments | |
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| Age of Seafloor Sediments | |
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| Methane Hydrates | |
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| The Marginal Marine Environment | |
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| Estuaries | |
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| Water Circulation in Semi-Isolated Basins | |
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| Flushing Time | |
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| Water Column Chemistry | |
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| Pore Water Chemistry | |
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| Sediment Chemistry | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Electronic Structure and Valences of the Elements | |
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| Standard State (298.15 K, 10[superscript 5] Pa) Thermodynamic Data | |
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| Ionic Radii in A for Different Charges and Coordination Numbers | |
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| Piper Diagram for Water Chemistry Problems | |
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| Answers to Selected Problems | |
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| Index | |
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| Credits | |