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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitness of the Soil Environment | |
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The Historical Background of Soil Ecology | |
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Water as a Constituent of Soil | |
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Elemental Constitution of Soil | |
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How Soils Are Formed | |
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Profile Development | |
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Soil Texture | |
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Clay Mineral Structure | |
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Soil Structure | |
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Soils as Suppliers of Ecosystem Services | |
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Summary | |
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Primary Production Processes in Soils: Roots and Rhizosphere Associates | |
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Introduction | |
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The Primary Production Process | |
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Methods of Sampling | |
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Destructive Techniques | |
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The Harvest Method | |
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Isotope-Dilution Method | |
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Root-Ingrowth Technique | |
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Nondestructive Techniques | |
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Additional Sources of Primary Production | |
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Symbiotic Associates of Roots | |
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Mycorrhizal Structure and Function | |
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Ecosystem-Level Consequences of ECM Function | |
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Actinorhiza | |
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Carbon Allocation in the Root/Rhizosphere | |
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Carbon Allocation Costs of Development and Maintenance of Symbiotic Associations with Roots | |
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Future Directions for Research on Roots and Mycorrhizal Function and Biodiversity | |
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Summary | |
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Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms--Microbes | |
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Introduction | |
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Compounds Being Decomposed | |
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Microbial Activities in Relation to Catabolism in Soil Systems | |
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Microbial Abundance and Distribution in Soil | |
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Techniques for Measuring Microbial Communities | |
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Direct Measures of Numbers and Biomass | |
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Indirect Measures of Biomass | |
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Chemical Methods | |
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The Chloroform Fumigation and Incubation (CFI) Technique | |
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The Chloroform Fumigation and Extraction (CFE) Technique | |
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Physiological Methods: SIR Technique | |
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Additional Physiological Methods of Measuring Microbial Activity | |
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Enzyme Assays and Measures of Biological Activities in Soils | |
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Direct Methods of Determining Soil Microbial Activity | |
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Soil Sterilization and Partial Sterilization Techniques | |
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Conceptual Models of Microbes in Soil Systems | |
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Root-Rhizosphere Microbe Models and Experiments | |
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Soil Aggregation Models | |
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Models: Organism and Process-Oriented | |
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Summary | |
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Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms--The Soil Fauna | |
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Introduction | |
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The Microfauna | |
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Methods for Extracting and Counting Protozoa | |
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Distribution of Protozoa in Soil Profiles | |
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Impacts of Protozoa on Ecosystem Function | |
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The Mesofauna | |
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Rotifera | |
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Features of Body Plan and General Ecology | |
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Nematoda | |
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Nematode Feeding Habits | |
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Nematode Zones of Activity in Soil | |
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Nematode Extraction Techniques | |
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Tardigrada | |
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Microarthropods | |
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Collembola | |
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Families of Collembola | |
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Population Growth and Reproduction | |
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Collembolan Feeding Habits | |
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Collembolan Impacts on Soil Ecosystems | |
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Acari (Mites) | |
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Oribatid Mites | |
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Abundance and Diversity of Oribatid Mites | |
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Population Growth | |
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Oribatid Feeding Habits | |
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Oribatid Impacts on Soil Ecosystems | |
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Prostigmatic Mites | |
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Mesostigmatic Mites | |
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Astigmatic Mites | |
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Other Microarthropods | |
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Protura | |
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Diplura | |
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Microcoryphia | |
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Pseudoscorpionida | |
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Symphyla | |
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Pauropoda | |
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Enchytraeidae | |
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The Macrofauna | |
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Macroarthropods | |
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Importance of the Macroarthropods | |
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Isopoda | |
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Diplopoda | |
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Chilopoda | |
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Scorpionida | |
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Araneae | |
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Opiliones | |
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Solifugae | |
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Uropygi | |
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The Pterygote Insects | |
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Coleoptera | |
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Hymenoptera | |
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Diptera | |
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Isoptera | |
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Other Pterygota | |
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Gastropoda | |
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Sampling Techniques for Gastropods | |
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Oligochaeta--Earthworms | |
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Earthworm Distribution and Abundance | |
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Biology and Ecology | |
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Influence on Soil Processes | |
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Earthworm Management | |
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Earthworm Sampling and Identification | |
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General Attributes of Fauna in Soil Systems | |
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Faunal Feedbacks on Microbial Community Composition and Diversity | |
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Summary | |
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Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling | |
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Introduction | |
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Integrating Variables | |
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Resource Quality, Climate, and Litter Breakdown | |
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Dynamics of Litter Breakdown | |
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Direct Measurement of Litter Breakdown | |
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Patterns of Mass Loss During Decomposition | |
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Effects of Fauna on Litter Breakdown Rates | |
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Nutrient Movement During Decomposition | |
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Nutrient Cycling Links in Soil Systems | |
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Role of Soil Fauna in Organic Matter Dynamics and Nutrient Turnover | |
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Faunal Impacts in Applied Ecology--Agroecosystems | |
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Applied Ecology in Forested Ecosystems | |
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Summary | |
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Soil Food Webs: Detritivory and Microbivory in Soils | |
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Introduction | |
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Physiological Ecology of Soil Organisms | |
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Energy Available for Detrital Food Chains and Webs | |
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Arenas of Interest | |
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A Hierarchical Approach to Organisms in Soils | |
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Future Research Prospects | |
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Summary | |
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Soil Biodiversity and Linkages to Soil Processes | |
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Introduction | |
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Biodiversity in Soils and Its Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystem Function | |
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Heterogeneity of Carbon Substrates and Effects on Soil Biodiversity | |
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Impacts of Species Richness on Ecosystem Function | |
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Models, Microcosms, and Soil Biodiversity | |
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Experimental Additions and Deletions in Soil Biodiversity Studies | |
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Problems of Concern in Soil Biodiversity Studies | |
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Why Is Soil Diversity So High? | |
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Biogeographical Trends in Diversity of Soil Organisms | |
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Future Developments in Soil Ecology | |
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Introduction | |
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Roles of Soils in Carbon Sequestration | |
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Roles of Soils in the Global Carbon Cycle | |
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Problems in Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics | |
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Biological Interactions in Soils and Global Change | |
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Ecology of Invasive Species in Soil Systems: An Increasing Problem in Soil Ecology | |
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Soils and "Gaia": Possible Mechanisms for Evolution of "the Fitness of the Soil Environment?" | |
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Soil Ecology in the Third Millennium | |
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Laboratory and Field Exercises in Soil Ecology | |
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Introduction | |
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Minirhizotron Studies | |
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Principle | |
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Description of a Minirhizotron | |
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Installation of the Minirhizotrons | |
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Observation and Recording | |
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Getting Data from the Videotape | |
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Tracing Technique | |
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Automated Root Length Measures | |
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Soil Respiration Studies | |
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Principle | |
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Materials and Supplies Needed | |
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Procedure | |
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Calculations | |
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Litter Decomposition Studies | |
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Principle | |
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Litterbag Construction | |
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Calculations | |
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Analyses for Soil Microbial Biomass | |
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The Chloroform-Fumigation K[subscript 2]SO[subscript 4]-Extraction Method | |
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Principle | |
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Preparation and Handling of Potassium Sulfate | |
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Sample Preparation | |
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Potassium Sulfate Extractions | |
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Chloroform Fumigation | |
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Chloroform Removal | |
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Calculations | |
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Sampling and Enumeration of Nematodes | |
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Principle | |
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Sampling Considerations | |
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Sampling Tool and Precautions | |
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Nematode Extraction: Baermann Funnel Method | |
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Principle | |
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Materials and Supplies Needed | |
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Procedure | |
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Killing and Fixing Nematodes with Hot and Cold Formalin (5%) | |
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Materials and Supplies Needed | |
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Procedure | |
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Sampling and Enumeration of Microarthropods | |
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Principle | |
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Methods for the Study of Microarthropods | |
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Sampling | |
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Extraction of Microarthropods from Samples | |
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Sample Sorting and Identification | |
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Sampling and Enumeration of Macroarthropods | |
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Principle | |
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Methods for Sampling Macroarthropods | |
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Sampling | |
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Berlese or Tullgren Extraction | |
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Flotation | |
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Emergence Traps | |
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Pitfall Trapping | |
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Sampling and Enumeration of Earthworms | |
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Principle | |
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Collection of Earthworms | |
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Passive Techniques | |
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Behavioral Techniques | |
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Indirect Techniques | |
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Identification of Earthworms | |
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Sampling and Enumeration of Enchytraeids | |
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Principle | |
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Collection of Enchytraeids | |
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Identification of Enchytraeids | |
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References | |
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Index | |