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Contributors | |
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A Guide to the Encyclopedia | |
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Preface | |
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Bioethics, Overview | |
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Historical Notes on Bioethics | |
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Substantive Issues in Bioethics | |
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Disciplinary Approaches to Bioethics | |
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Foundational Ethical Assumptions in Bioethics--Phil Osophical/Ethical "Schools" of Bioethics | |
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Conclusions | |
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Biotechnology | |
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The History of Biotechnology | |
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Techniques in Modern Biotechnology | |
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Ethical Arguments for and Against Biotechnology | |
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Case Studies | |
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Birth-Control Technology | |
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Introduction and Overview | |
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Approaches to Birth Control and Moral Distinctions | |
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Contemporary Methods of Birth Control | |
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Future Methods of Birth Control | |
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Conclusion | |
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Brain Death | |
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The Historical Framework of the Harvard Committee Proposal | |
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Why was the Harvard Proposal so Successful? | |
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The Defense of the Traditional Definition of Death | |
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The Medical Inconsistencies of the "Whole Brain Death" Definition | |
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The Move Toward a Neocortical Definition and its Problems | |
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Back to the "Traditional" Definition? | |
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Brain Death and Brain Life | |
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A Paradigm of Bioethics | |
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Cloning | |
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Scientific and Technical Background | |
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Suggested Uses of Cloning | |
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Moral and Religious Issues | |
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Policy Developments | |
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Conclusion | |
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Computer and Information Ethics | |
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The Uniqueness of Computers | |
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Privacy and Monitoring | |
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Information Provision | |
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Software as Intellectual Property | |
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Organization Structure and the Location of Work | |
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Computer Misuse | |
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Developing Information Systems | |
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Computer Professionalism | |
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Consequentialism and Deontology | |
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Consequentialism | |
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Deontology | |
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Embryology, Ethics of | |
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A Short Outline of the Development of the Human Embryo | |
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Embryology and in Vitro Fertilization | |
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What is the Connection Between Embryology and Applied Ethics? | |
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Environmental Impact Assessment | |
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Introduction | |
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Environmental Ethics | |
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Ways of Life and the Environment | |
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The Nature Contract | |
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Ecosocial Morality in the Community | |
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Globalization and Ecosocial Solidarity | |
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Policy of Small Action | |
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Legitimacy and Political Efficiency | |
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Environmental Impact Assessment as Rational Action | |
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Model of Social Action | |
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Environmental Impact Assessment | |
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Social Impact Assessment | |
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Conclusion | |
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Feminist Ethics | |
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Feminine Approaches to Ethics | |
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Maternal Approaches to Ethics | |
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Political Approaches to Ethics | |
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Lesbian Approaches to Ethics | |
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Applications of Feminist Ethics | |
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Conclusion | |
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Fetal Research | |
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Types of Fetal Research | |
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Status of the Fetus | |
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The Politics of Fetal Research | |
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The Controversy over Fetal Tissue Transplantation | |
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Fetal Research and Abortion | |
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Conclusion | |
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Gene Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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Definitions and Distinctions | |
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Pragmatic Concerns | |
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Arguments in Favor of Gene Therapy | |
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Arguments Against Gene Therapy | |
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Conclusions | |
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Genetic Counseling | |
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The Scope of Genetic Counseling | |
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Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening | |
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The Goals of Genetic Counseling | |
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Autonomy, Informed Consent and "Non-Directiveness" | |
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Confidentiality and Genetic Privacy--Within the Family | |
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Confidentiality and Genetic Privacy--Third Parties | |
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Genetic Testing of Children | |
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Conclusion | |
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Genetic Engineering | |
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The Consequences of Genetic Engineering | |
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Genetic Engineering and Unnaturalness | |
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Deontological Objections to Genetic Engineering | |
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Genetic Engineering and Risk | |
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Conclusion | |
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Geneticization | |
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Introduction | |
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Moral Assessment and Technology | |
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Medication and Geneticization | |
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A Fluid and Broad Concept | |
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Critiques | |
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A Definition | |
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Geneticizations and Technology Assessment | |
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Genetic Research | |
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A Brief History of the Research in Genetics | |
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An Overview of the Genetics Research Process | |
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Ethical Issues Encountered During Each Research Process | |
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Challenges to Our Understanding of Ourselves as Human Beings and Society | |
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Genetics and Behavior | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Background | |
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Behavior Genetics Today | |
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Ethics and Human Behavior Genetics | |
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Genetic Screening | |
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Introduction: Genetic Screening | |
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Criteria for the Introduction of Genetic Screening | |
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Implementation and Quality Control | |
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Rights to Know and not to Know | |
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Information: Access and Control | |
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Eugenics and Stigmatization | |
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Conclusion | |
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Genetic Technology, Legal Regulation of | |
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International Regulation | |
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National Regulation | |
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Discussion | |
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Genome Analysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Techniques of Analysis | |
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The Human Genome Project | |
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Unesco Declaration of the Protection of the Human Genome | |
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The Human Genome Diversity Project | |
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Geneticization | |
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Conclusion | |
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Hazardous and Toxic Substances | |
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Introduction | |
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Nimby and Equality Issues | |
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Consent Issues | |
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Liability Issues | |
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Ethical Rules for Behavior Under Certainty | |
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Conclusion | |
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Health and Disease, Concepts of | |
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Concepts of Health and Their Impact | |
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Articulating a Familty of Concepts: Constraints and Proposals | |
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The Issue of Normativism | |
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Health Technology Assessment | |
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Background | |
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Ethics and Health Technology Assessment: The "Thin" Account | |
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Ethics and Health Technology Assessment: The "Thick" Account | |
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Conclusion | |
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Human Nature, View of | |
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The Philosophic and Practical Problem | |
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Contemporary Applied Ethics and Views of Human Nature | |
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View of Human Nature: Future Tasks | |
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Human Research Subjects, Selection of | |
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Scientific Issues | |
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Ethical and Social Issues | |
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Intrinsic and Instrumental Value | |
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What is at Issue With "Intrinsic Value Versus Instrumental Value"? | |
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What is to be Valued for Itself? (Normative Ethics) | |
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Grounds or Limits for What is Valued for Itself (Meta-Ethics) | |
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Are Values Being Instrumentalized? (The Critique of Instrumental Reason) | |
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Life, Concept of | |
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Introductory General Distinction | |
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Empirical Characteristics of Life | |
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Problems of a Plausible Definition of "Life" | |
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Alternative Theories of Life: Vitalism Versus Mechanism | |
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A Third Theory of Life: Organicism | |
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Basic Theoretical Properties of Life | |
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Practical Implications | |
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Medical Futility | |
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The Meaning of Medical Futility | |
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Proposals for Resolving Disputes Over Medical Futility | |
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Underlying Moral Debates About People's Quality of Life, Suffering, and the Best-Interests Standard | |
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Conclusion | |
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Novel Foods | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Novel Food | |
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Regulation of Novel Foods | |
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Ethical Concerns | |
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GM Crops: Ethical Issues | |
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GM Animal Foods: Specific Ethical Issues | |
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Functional Foods: Ethical Issues | |
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Steps to the Resolution of Ethical Debates | |
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Conclusions | |
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Nuclear Pwer | |
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History of Nuclear Power | |
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Two Ethical Frameworks for Evaluating Nuclear Power | |
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Nuclear Power and the Naturalistic Fallacy | |
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Nuclear Power and Uncertainty | |
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Equity and Nuclear Risks | |
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Consent and Nuclear Risks | |
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Nuclear Power and Due Process | |
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Conclusions | |
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Nuclear Testing | |
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Is the Use of Nuclear Weapons Permissible? | |
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Is Nuclear Testing Dangerous? | |
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Organ Transplants and Xenotransplantation | |
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Introduction | |
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Live Human Donors | |
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Cadaver Donors | |
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Organ Transplants and Personal Identity | |
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Xenotransplantation | |
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Summary | |
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Playing God | |
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Secular and Religious Applications | |
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The Moral Presupposition | |
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Applications in Bioethics | |
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Applications in Genetics | |
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Conclusion | |
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Precautionary Principle | |
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Legal Formulations: Strong and Weak | |
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Wider Uses of the PP: "Waking Up in the Experiment" | |
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Environmental Science and the PP | |
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Precautionary Implications of Environmental Science | |
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Is the Precautionary Principle a Scientific Principle? | |
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The Precautionary Principle and the Status Quo | |
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Conclusion | |
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Reproductive Technologies | |
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The Arguments for Art | |
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The Arguments Against Art | |
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Particular Ethical Problems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Science and Engineering Ethics, Overview | |
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A Review of the Predisposing Salient Events | |
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Toward a Definition of Science and Engineering Ethics | |
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A Historical Perspective | |
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Contemporary Issues | |
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Conclusion | |
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Slippery Slope Arguments | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition | |
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Types of Slippery Slope Arguments | |
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Contexts of Application | |
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Evaluating Validity and Plausibility | |
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The Rhetorical Dimension: Practical Debates | |
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The Sociological and Psychological Dimensions: Perceiving Reality | |
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A Case Study: Euthanasia in the Netherlands | |
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Conclusion | |
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Index | |