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Preface | |
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Contributors | |
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Reviewers | |
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Monitoring and Characterization of the Environment | |
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The Environment | |
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Environmental Monitoring | |
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Environmental Remediation and Restoration | |
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Scales of Observation | |
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Agencies | |
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Current and Future Status of Environmental Monitoring | |
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Purpose of this Textbook | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Sampling and Data Quality Objectives in Environmental Monitoring | |
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Environmental Characteristics | |
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Representative Units | |
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Sampling Locations | |
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Types of Environmental Sampling | |
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Sampling Plan | |
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Analytical Data Quality Requirements | |
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Quality Control Checks | |
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Reporting Data | |
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Units of Measure | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Readings | |
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Statistics and Geostatistics in Environmental Monitoring | |
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Samples and Population | |
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Random Variables | |
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Frequency Distribution and the Probability Density Function | |
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Sample Size and Confidence Intervals | |
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Covariance and Correlation | |
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Linear Regression | |
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Interpolation and Spatial Distributions | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Automated Data Acquisition and Processing | |
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Measurement Concepts | |
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Automated Measurement | |
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Sensors and Transducers | |
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The Data Acquisition System | |
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Types of Data Acquisition Systems | |
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Data Management and Quality Control | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Maps in Environmental Monitoring | |
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Principles of Mapping | |
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Locational and Land-Partitioning Systems | |
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Topographic Maps | |
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Soil Survey Maps | |
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Global Positioning System | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Geographic Information Systems and Their use for Environmental Monitoring | |
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Description of Geographic Information Systems | |
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Geographic Information Systems Data | |
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Thematic Data | |
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Models of Real-World Problems with Geographic Information Systems | |
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Geographic Information System Online Tools and Visualization | |
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The Future: Geographic Information Systems as a Community Resource | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling | |
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Soil Sampling Strategies | |
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Classic Soil Sampling | |
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Soil Sampling in Agriculture | |
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Vadose Zone Sampling for Pollution Characterization | |
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Soil Samplers | |
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Soil-Pore Water Sampling | |
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Quality Control | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Groundwater Sampling | |
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Groundwater Sampling Objectives | |
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Location of Monitor Wells | |
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Well Construction | |
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Design and Execution of Groundwater Sampling Programs | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Monitoring Surface Waters | |
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The Changing States of Water | |
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Water Quality Parameters | |
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Sampling the Water Environment | |
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Sampling Techniques for Surface Waters | |
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Water Sampling Equipment | |
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Miscellaneous Field Methods | |
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Quality Control in Field Measurements and Sampling | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Monitoring Near-Surface Air Quality | |
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Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere | |
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Sources and Impacts of Air Pollution | |
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History of Air Pollution Control | |
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Air Quality and Emissions Standards | |
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Sampling and Monitoring Considerations | |
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Air Sampling | |
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Direct Air Measurements | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring | |
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Physical Principles of Remote Sensing | |
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Optical Properties of Earth Surface Materials | |
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Remote Sensing at the Landscape Scale | |
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Applications of Remote Sensing in Environmental Health and Toxicology | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Environmental Physical Properties and Processes | |
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Measuring Basic Soil Properties | |
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Soil-Water Content | |
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Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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Measuring Hydraulic Heads | |
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Measuring Flow Directions, Gradients, and Velocities | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Chemical Properties and Processes | |
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Soil Chemical Constituents | |
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Soil Chemical Processes | |
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Factors Controlling Soil Chemical Processes | |
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Rates of Chemical Processes in the Soil Environment | |
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Soil-Water Redox Potential and pH | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Environmental Microbial Properties and Processes | |
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Benefit of Environmental Microbes | |
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What Are Microorganisms? | |
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Microorganisms in Soil | |
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Aquatic Environments | |
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Sampling Procedures for Microbial Characterization | |
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Sampling Methods for Surface Soils | |
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Strategies and Methods for Water Sampling | |
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Strategies and Methods for Air Sampling | |
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Methods for Characterizing Microorganisms and Microbial Properties in Water and Soil | |
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Application of Microorganisms for Toxicity Testing | |
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Important Microbial Processes | |
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State-of-the-Art Approaches for Monitoring Microbial Activities | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Physical Contaminants | |
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Naturally Occurring Particulates | |
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Human-Made Particulates | |
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Mechanisms and Control of Particulate Pollution | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Chemical Contaminants | |
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Types of Contaminants | |
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Sources of Contaminants | |
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Contaminant Transport and Fate | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Microbial Contaminants | |
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Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens | |
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Concept of Indicator Organisms | |
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Sample Processing and Storage | |
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Processing Environmental Samples for Viruses | |
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Processing Environmental Samples for Protozoan Parasites | |
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Field Analysis | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Soil and Groundwater Remediation | |
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Superfund Process | |
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Site Characterization | |
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Remediation Technologies | |
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Monitored Natural Attenuation | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Ecological Restoration | |
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Site Characterization | |
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Site Restoration | |
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Site Monitoring | |
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Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Risk Assessment and Environmental Regulations | |
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Risk Assessment | |
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Process of Risk Assessment | |
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Microbial Risk Assessment | |
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Regulatory Overview | |
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Questions | |
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References and Additional Reading | |
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Index | |