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| Drug Use in Modern Society | |
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| Drug Use: An Overview | |
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| "The Drug Problem" | |
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| Talking about Drug Use | |
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| How Did We Get Here? | |
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| Have Things Really Changed? | |
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| Drugs and Drug Use Today | |
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| Extent of Drug Use | |
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| Populations of Users | |
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| Trends in Drug Use | |
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| Correlates of Drug Use | |
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| Risk and Protective Factors | |
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| Race, Gender, and Level of Education | |
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| Personality Variables | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Antecedents of Drug Use | |
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| Motives for Drug Use | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Match? | |
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| Drug Use as a Social Problem | |
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| Laissez-Faire | |
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| Toxicity | |
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| Categories of Toxicity | |
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| Drug Abuse Warning Network | |
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| How Dangerous Is the Drug? | |
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| Blood-Borne Diseases | |
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| Substance Dependence: What Is It? | |
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| Three Basic Processes | |
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| Changing Views of Addiction | |
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| Which Is More Important, Physical Dependence or Psychological Dependence? | |
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| Broad Views of Substance Dependence | |
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| Is Dependence Caused by the Substance? | |
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| Is Dependence Biological? | |
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| Is There an "Addictive Personality"? | |
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| Is Dependence a Family Disorder? | |
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| Is Substance Dependence a Disease? | |
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| Crime and Violence: Does Drug Use Cause Crime? | |
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| Why We Try to Regulate Drugs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Are You Hooked On an Activity? | |
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| Check Yourself: What's Your Risk of Drug Toxicity? | |
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| Drug Policy | |
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| The Beginnings | |
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| Reformism | |
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| Issues Leading to Legislation | |
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| 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act | |
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| Harrison Act of 1914 | |
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| Two Bureaus, Two Types of Regulation | |
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| Regulation of Pharmaceuticals | |
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| Purity | |
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| Safety | |
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| Effectiveness | |
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| Marketing a New Drug | |
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| Dietary Supplements | |
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| Controlled Substances | |
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| After the Harrison Act | |
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| Narcotic Control Act of 1956 | |
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| Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965 | |
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| Comprehensive Drag Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 | |
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| Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 | |
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| State and Local Regulations | |
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| Federal Support for Drug Screening | |
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| Military and Federal Employees | |
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| Transportation Workers | |
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| Private Employers | |
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| Public Schools | |
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| Testing Methods | |
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| The Impact of Drug Enforcement | |
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| Budget | |
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| International Programs | |
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| Other Federal Agencies | |
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| Other Costs | |
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| Effectiveness of Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Consider the Consequences | |
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| How Drugs Work | |
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| The Nervous System | |
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| Homeostasis | |
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| Components of the Nervous System | |
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| Neurons | |
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| Glia | |
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| Neurotransmission | |
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| Action Potential | |
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| The Nervous System(s) | |
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| Somatic Nervous System | |
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| Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| The Brain | |
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| Chemical Pathways Implicated in Reward | |
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| Structures | |
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| Drugs and the Brain | |
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| Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter | |
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| Examples of Drag Actions | |
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| Chemical Theories of Behavior | |
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| Brain Imaging Techniques | |
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| Structural Imaging | |
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| Functional Imaging | |
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| Word of Caution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: What's Your Body's Natural Cycle? | |
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| The Actions of Drugs | |
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| Sources and Names of Drugs | |
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| Sources of Drugs | |
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| Names of Drugs | |
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| Categories of Drugs | |
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| Drug Effects | |
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| Nonspecific (Placebo) Effects | |
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| Dose-Response Relationships | |
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| Potency | |
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| Time-Dependent Factors in Drug Actions | |
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| Getting the Drug to the Brain | |
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| A Little "Chemistry" | |
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| Routes of Administration | |
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| Transport in the Blood | |
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| More about the Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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| Mechanisms of Drug Actions | |
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| Effects on All Neurons | |
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| Effects on Specific Neurotransmitter Systems | |
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| Drug Deactivation | |
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| Mechanisms of Tolerance and Withdrawal Symptoms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: How Do Drugs Work? | |
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| Uppers and Downers | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Cocaine | |
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| History | |
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| Coca Wine | |
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| Local Anesthesia | |
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| Early Psychiatric Uses | |
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| Early Legal Controls on Cocaine | |
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| Forms of Cocaine | |
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| Contemporary Legal Controls on Cocaine | |
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| Mechanism of Action | |
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| Absorption and Elimination | |
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| Beneficial Uses | |
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| Causes for Concern | |
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| Supplies of Illicit Cocaine | |
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| Current Patterns of Cocaine Use | |
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| Cocaine's Future | |
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| Amphetamines | |
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| History | |
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| Basic Pharmacology | |
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| Beneficial Uses | |
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| Causes for Concern | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Depressants and Inhalants | |
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| History and Pharmacology | |
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| Before Barbiturates | |
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| Barbiturates | |
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| Meprobamate | |
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| Methaqualone | |
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| Benzodiazepines | |
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| Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics | |
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| Mechanism of Action | |
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| Beneficial Uses | |
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| Anxiolytics | |
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| As Sleeping Pills | |
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| As Anticonvulsants | |
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| Causes for Concern | |
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| Dependence Liability | |
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| Toxicity | |
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| Patterns of Abuse | |
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| Inhalants | |
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| Gaseous Anesthetics | |
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| Nitrites | |
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| Volatile Solvents | |
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| GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Medication for Mental Disorders | |
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| Mental Disorders | |
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| The Medical Model | |
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| Classification of Mental Disorders | |
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| Treatment of Mental Disorders | |
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| Before 1950 | |
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| Antipsychotics | |
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| Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | |
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| Antidepressants | |
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy | |
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| Mood Stabilizers | |
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| Consequences of Drug Treatments for Mental Illness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Track Your Daily Mood Changes | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Alcoholic Beverages | |
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| Fermentation and Fermentation Products | |
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| Distilled Products | |
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| Beer | |
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| Wine | |
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| Distilled Spirits | |
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| Alcohol Use and "The Alcohol Problem" | |
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| The Temperance Movement in America | |
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| Prohibition | |
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| Prohibition Worked! | |
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| Prohibition Is Repealed | |
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| Regulation after 1933 | |
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| Taxation | |
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| Who Drinks? And Why? | |
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| Cultural Influences on Drinking | |
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| Trends in U.S. Alcohol Consumption | |
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| Regional Differences in the United States | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Drinking among College Students | |
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| Alcohol Pharmacology | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Mechanism(s) of Action | |
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| Behavioral Effects | |
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| Time-out | |
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| Driving under the Influence | |
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| Sexual Behavior | |
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| Blackouts | |
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| Crime and Violence | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Alcohol Toxicity | |
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| Hangover | |
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| Chronic Disease States | |
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| Brain Damage | |
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| Liver Disorders | |
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| Heart Disease | |
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| Cancer | |
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| The Immune System | |
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | |
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| Alcohol Dependence | |
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| Withdrawal Syndrome | |
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| Dependent Behaviors | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References, | |
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| Check Yourself: Do You Have a Drinking Problem? | |
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| Familiar Drags | |
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| Tobacco | |
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| Tobacco History | |
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| Early Medical Uses | |
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| The Spread of Tobacco Use | |
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| Snuff | |
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| Tobacco in Early America | |
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| Chewing Tobacco | |
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| Cigars | |
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| Cigarettes | |
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| Tobacco under Attack | |
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| The Quest for "Safer" Cigarettes | |
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| Electronic Cigarettes | |
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| Cigarettes and the FDA | |
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| Current Cigarette Use | |
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| Smokeless Tobacco | |
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| Are Cigars Back? | |
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| Hookahs | |
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| Causes for Concern | |
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| Adverse Health Effects | |
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| Secondhand Smoke | |
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| Smoking and Health in Other Countries | |
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| Smoking and Pregnancy | |
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| Pharmacology of Nicotine | |
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| Absorption and Metabolism | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Behavioral Effects | |
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| Nicotine Dependence | |
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| How to Stop Smoking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Test Your Tobacco Awareness | |
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| |
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| Caffeine | |
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| Caffeine: The World's Most Common Psychostimulant | |
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| |
| Coffee | |
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| Tea | |
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| Chocolate | |
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| Other Sources of Caffeine | |
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| Soft Drinks | |
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| "Energy" Drinks | |
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| Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
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| Caffeine Pharmacology | |
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| Time Course | |
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| Mechanism of Action | |
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| Physiological Effects | |
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| Behavioral Effects | |
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| Causes for Concern | |
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| Cancer | |
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| Reproductive Effects | |
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| Heart Disease | |
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| Caffeinism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: How Much Caffeine Do You Consume? | |
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| Dietary Supplements and Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
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| Dietary Supplements | |
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| Some Psychoactive Dietary Supplements | |
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| Saint John's Wort | |
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| SAMe | |
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| Ginkgo Biloba | |
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| Weight-Control Products | |
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| Over-the-Counter Drugs | |
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| FDA Regulation of OTC Products | |
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| Simplifying Labels | |
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| Over-the-Counter versus Prescription Drugs | |
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| Behind-the-Counter Drags? | |
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| Some Psychoactive OTC Products | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Weight-Control Products | |
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| Sedatives and Sleep Aids | |
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| Analgesics | |
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| People and Pain | |
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| Aspirin | |
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| Acetaminophen | |
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| Ibuprofen and Other NSATDs | |
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| Cold and Allergy Products | |
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| The AU-Too-Common Cold | |
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| Treatment of Cold Symptoms | |
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| Allergy and Sinus Medications | |
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| Choosing an OTC Product | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Can You Guess What These OTC Products Are Used For? | |
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| Restricted Drugs | |
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| Opioids | |
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| History of Opioids | |
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| Opium | |
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| Morphine | |
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| Heroin | |
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| Opioid Abuse before the Harrison Act | |
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| Abuse after the Harrison Act | |
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| Abuse of Prescription Opioids | |
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| Pharmacology of Opioids | |
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| Chemical Characteristics | |
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| Mechanism of Action | |
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| Beneficial Uses | |
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| Pain Relief | |
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| Intestinal Disorders | |
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| Cough Suppressants | |
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| Causes for Concern | |
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| Dependence Potential | |
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| Toxicity Potential | |
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| Patterns of Abuse | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Street Slang | |
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| Hallucinogens | |
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| Animism and Religion | |
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| Terminology and Types | |
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| Phantastjca | |
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| Indole Hallucinogens | |
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| Catechol Hallucinogens | |
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| Deliriants | |
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| PCP | |
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| Anticholinergic Hallucinogens | |
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| Amanita Muscaria | |
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| Salvia Divinorum | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Check Yourself: Hallucinogens from Plants | |
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| Marijuana | |
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| Cannabis, the Plant | |
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| Preparations from Cannabis | |
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| History | |
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| Early History | |
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| Building the Case Against Marijuana | |
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| The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 | |
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| After the Marijuana Tax Act | |
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| Pharmacology | |
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| Cannabinoid Chemicals | |
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| |
| Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination | |
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| |
| Mechanism of Action | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Effects | |
| |
| |
| Behavioral Effects | |
| |
| |
| Medical Uses of Cannabis | |
| |
| |
| Causes for Concern | |
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| |
| Abuse and Dependence | |
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| Toxicity Potential | |
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| |
| Marijuana and American Society | |
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| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
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| |
| References | |
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| |
| Check Yourself: Short-term Memory | |
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| |
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| Performance-Enhancing Drugs | |
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| Historical Use of Drugs in Athletics | |
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| Ancient Times | |
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| Early Use of Stimulants | |
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| Amphetamines | |
| |
| |
| International Drug Testing | |
| |
| |
| American Football | |
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| |
| Steroids | |
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| |
| The BALCO Scandal | |
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| |
| The Battle over Testing | |
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| |
| Stimulants as Performance Enhancers | |
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| |
| Steroids | |
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| |
| Psychological Effects of Steroids | |
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| |
| Adverse Effects on the Body | |
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| |
| Regulation | |
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| |
| Other Hormonal Manipulations | |
| |
| |
| Beta-2 Agonists | |
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| |
| Creatine | |
| |
| |
| Getting "Cut" | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| Review Questions | |
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| |
| References | |
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| Check Yourself: How Would You Run the Race? | |
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| Prevention and Treatment | |
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| |
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| Preventing Substance Abuse | |
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| |
| Defining Goals and Evaluating Outcomes | |
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| Types of Prevention | |
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| |
| Prevention Programs in the Schools | |
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| |
| The Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior Model | |
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| |
| Affective Education | |
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| |
| Antidrug Norms | |
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| |
| Development of the Social Influence Model | |
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| DARE | |
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| Programs That Work | |
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| |
| Peers, Parents, and the Community | |
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| Peer Programs | |
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| Parent and Family Programs | |
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| Community Programs | |
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| |
| Prevention in the Workplace | |
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| |
| What Should We Be Doing? | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| Review Questions | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Match? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treating Substance Use Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Behavioral/ Psychosocial Treatments | |
| |
| |
| Defining Treatment Goals | |
| |
| |
| Alcoholics Anonymous and Others | |
| |
| |
| Motivational Enhancement Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Contingency Management | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Pharmacotherapies (Medication Treatments) | |
| |
| |
| Detoxification and Maintenance Phase | |
| |
| |
| Alcohol | |
| |
| |
| Nicotine | |
| |
| |
| Opioids | |
| |
| |
| Cocaine | |
| |
| |
| Cannabis | |
| |
| |
| Treatment: The Big Picture in the United States | |
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| |
| Is Treatment Effective? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drug Names | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resources for Information and Assistance | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Credits | |
| |
| |
| Index | |