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About the Author | |
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AIDS UPDATE 2013 | |
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Thirty Two Years of HIV/AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences, and Means of Remembering- the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day | |
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How much do you Really Know about HIV/AIDS? | |
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Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens! | |
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History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics | |
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Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame? | |
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Imagine a World without AIDS | |
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Overview of HIV/AIDS | |
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HIV/AIDS: A Unique Disease | |
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HIV/AIDS: A Cause of Death | |
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Another Anniversary | |
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Other Anniversaries | |
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International AIDS Conferences | |
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Means of Remembering: Uncommon Threads | |
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The 29th Candlelight Memorial | |
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Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States | |
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Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States | |
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The AIDS Olympics | |
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World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect | |
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The Future | |
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National AIDS Hotlines | |
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Useful Internet Addresses | |
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | |
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AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause | |
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The New Millennium | |
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AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome? | |
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First Reaction to AIDS: Denial | |
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What Causes AIDS? | |
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports | |
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Discovery of What Causes AIDS | |
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Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus | |
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The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | |
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HIV Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View | |
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News Flash 2010-Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following Complaints Made after He and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing That There Is "As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS" | |
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Dissidents' Websites (AIDS Doesn't Exist or HFV Isn't the Cause) | |
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Summary of HIV/AIDS Dissidents' Viewpoints | |
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Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS | |
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Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus | |
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Summary on the Origin of HIV | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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Biological Characteristics of HIV | |
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Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate | |
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Viruses Are Parasites | |
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Viruses Specific to Cell Type | |
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How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS? | |
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Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell | |
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HIV Fitness | |
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The HIV Life Cycle | |
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Understanding How HIV Works | |
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How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell | |
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Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins | |
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Unless Specified, the Information on HIV in this book Relates only to HIV-1 Group M | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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Anti-HIV Therapy | |
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Better Drugs, Better Technologies, and Lingering Problems | |
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Antiretroviral Therapy or ART | |
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The Good News About Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) | |
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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval | |
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The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval | |
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Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | |
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FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors | |
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Entry Inhibitors and Problems | |
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Integrase Inhibitors | |
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Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants | |
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Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors | |
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How Combination or Combined Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance | |
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Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS | |
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Medical Complications Associated with Antiretroviral Therapies (ART) | |
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Summary | |
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Caution | |
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Disclaimer | |
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Some HIV/AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines | |
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Review Questions | |
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The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS | |
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The Immune System | |
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Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells | |
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Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means | |
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The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters | |
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Antibodies and HFV Disease | |
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HIV Eradication Currently Not Possible Because of Infection of Latent Resting CD4+ Cells and Immunologic Memory Cells | |
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Immune System Dysfunction | |
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Original Antigenic Sin | |
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The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4) | |
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CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor | |
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Emergence of HIV Strains that Vary in Their Lethal Abilities | |
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In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection | |
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T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression | |
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Impact of T4 Cell Depletion | |
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Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection | |
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Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected? | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS | |
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What Is an Opportunistic Disease? | |
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The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases | |
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Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People | |
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TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide | |
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Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients | |
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Disclaimer | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease, Progression to AIDS, and Hope | |
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The Prediction | |
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What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS: The New Crisis | |
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HIV Disease Defined | |
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Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy) | |
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HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS | |
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Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies | |
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Prognostic Biological Markers (Biomarkers) Related to AIDS Progression | |
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HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS) | |
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Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients | |
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Finally, Hope, a Renewed Hope for the Future of Those Who Are HIV Infected | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus | |
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Epidemic/Epidemiology | |
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We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! | |
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Epidemiology of HIV Infection | |
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Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2) | |
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The Ten Most Common Fears in the U.S.A. Associated with HIV Transmission-#10 Being the Least and #1 Being the Most Feared | |
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Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? | |
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HIV Transmission | |
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HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings | |
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Noncasual Transmission | |
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Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection | |
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The Biological Factor | |
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Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission | |
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United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU) | |
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Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries | |
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Other Means of HIV Transmission | |
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Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice Versa | |
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Pediatric Transmission | |
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Conclusion | |
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National AIDS Resources | |
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Summary | |
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Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected | |
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Review Questions | |
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Preventing the Transmission of HIV | |
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The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!" | |
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Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS. However, When Faced with Discrimination, Alienation, and Marginalization, People Will Not Disclose Their Risk Factors, Use Condoms, Get Tested for HIV, Seek Treatment, or Talk Openly about HIV/AIDS. | |
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Primary Goal of Prevention | |
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Global Prevention | |
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Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact on Prevention, But We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic | |
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Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic | |
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Preventing the Transmission of HIV | |
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Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity | |
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New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For! | |
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The Male Condom | |
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The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch) | |
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An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (Mi-cro-ba-cides) and Circumcision (Cir-cum-ci-sion) | |
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The CAPRISA 004 Study Results | |
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Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Transmission | |
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Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics | |
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HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users | |
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Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission | |
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Infection Control Procedures | |
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Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure | |
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The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV | |
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Vaccines | |
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The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases | |
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The Journey Toward an HIV/AIDS Vaccine Now in Its 30th Year (1983-2013) | |
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HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention | |
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How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work | |
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Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines | |
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DNA Vaccine | |
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Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine | |
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September 2009-News Broken That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found! | |
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Summary | |
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Five Ways You Can Help Prevent HIV/AIDS | |
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Review Questions | |
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Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries | |
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A Word about HIV/AIDS Data | |
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Year 2013 | |
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Formula for Estimating HIV Infections | |
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Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation | |
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Aging with HIV/AIDS: The Hidden Side of This Crisis in the United States | |
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September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day | |
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Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection | |
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Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States | |
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Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States | |
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Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality | |
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Fast Facts | |
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Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2012: Population 34,310,000 | |
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Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2012: Population 115 Million | |
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United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2012: Population 63 Million | |
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Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS | |
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Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries, Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics | |
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Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples | |
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Education: Teachers and Students-South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa | |
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Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia | |
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Summary | |
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CDC Releases Atlas Tool to Map, Chart U.S. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Data (January 2012) | |
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Review Questions | |
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Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children | |
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Women and HIV/AIDS | |
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HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Many Millions of Women | |
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Female Vulnerability to HIV | |
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Every Day a Tragedy | |
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Triple Jeopardy | |
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Annual International Women's Day-March 8 | |
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Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide | |
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Asia-Pacific Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive | |
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Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States | |
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Childbearing Women: Worldwide | |
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Internet Resources | |
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Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win! | |
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Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS | |
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The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24 | |
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Global HIV Infections in Young Adults | |
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Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults: Know-Protect-Talk | |
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How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States? | |
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HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us! | |
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Estimate of HIV-infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally | |
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When Will Routine Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Be the Routine for Adolescents/Young Adults? | |
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Summary | |
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Internet | |
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Other Useful Sources | |
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Review Questions | |
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Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus | |
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Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present | |
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Requests for HIV Testing | |
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Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test | |
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Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV | |
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ELISA HIV Antibody Test | |
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Western Blot Assay | |
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New ELISA Antibody Antigen and RNA Detection Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection | |
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Rapid Result HIV Testing | |
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Update | |
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FDA Approves Home-Collection HIV Antibody Test Kit | |
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Some Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV | |
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Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When | |
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Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary? | |
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Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted | |
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Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior | |
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HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime | |
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The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS | |
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HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease | |