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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| An Overview of Development | |
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| Introduction to Motor Development | |
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| Human Motor Development | |
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| The Importance of Motor Development | |
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| The Domains of Human Development | |
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| Development, Maturation, and Growth | |
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| Development | |
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| Maturation and Growth | |
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| General Motor Development Terms | |
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| Developmental Direction | |
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| Differentiation and Integration | |
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| Gross Movement and Fine Movement | |
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| The Process-Product Controversy | |
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| Terms for Age Periods Throughout the Lifespan | |
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| Stages of Development | |
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| The History of the Field of Motor Development | |
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| An Interdisciplinary Approach to Motor Development | |
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| Designing Research in Motor Development: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, or...? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Cognitive and Motor Development | |
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| Psychomotor or Motor? | |
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| Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development | |
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| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development | |
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| Infancy: The Sensorimotor Stage and Motor Development | |
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| Childhood: Preoperations and Motor Development | |
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| Later Childhood and Adolescence: Cognitive and Motor Development | |
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| Concrete Operational Stage | |
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| Formal Operational Stage | |
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| Adulthood: Postformal Operations | |
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| Adulthood: General Theories of Intellectual Development | |
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| The Notion of Total Intellectual Decline | |
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| Partial Intellectual Declines | |
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| Knowledge Development and Sport Performance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Social and Motor Development | |
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| Socialization | |
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| Self-Esteem Development and Physical Activity | |
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| Social Influences During Infancy | |
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| Social Influences During Childhood | |
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| Play | |
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| Family | |
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| Social Influences During Older Childhood and Adolescence | |
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| Team Play | |
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| Gender Role Identification and Movement Activity | |
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| Social Factors of Adulthood | |
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| Social Learning and Ageism | |
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| Other Social Situations Likely to Affect Motor Development | |
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| The Exercise-Aging Cycle | |
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| Avoiding the Exercise-Aging Cycle | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Factors That Affect Development | |
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| Prenatal Development Concerns | |
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| Prenatal Development | |
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| The First 2 Weeks: Germinal Period | |
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| Weeks 3 to 8: Embryonic Period | |
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| Weeks 9 to Birth: Fetal Period | |
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| Drugs and Medications | |
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| Recreational Drugs | |
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| Prescriptive Drugs | |
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| Nonprescriptive Drugs | |
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| Obstetrical Medications | |
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| Maternal Diseases | |
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| Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome | |
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| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | |
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| Toxoplasmosis | |
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| Rh Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis | |
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| Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Genetic Factors | |
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| Chromosomal Disorders | |
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| Gene-Based Disorders | |
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| Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures | |
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| Ultrasound | |
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| Amniocentesis | |
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| Chorionic Villus Sampling | |
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| Alpha-Fetoprotein Test | |
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| Triple Marker Screening | |
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| Maternal Nutrition | |
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| Birth Weight | |
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| Exercise During Pregnancy | |
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| Maternal Response to Exercise | |
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| Fetal Responses to Maternal Exercise | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Effects of Early Stimulation and Deprivation | |
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| Effects of Early Stimulation | |
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| Programs to Enhance Early Motor Development | |
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| Gymboree | |
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| Swim Programs for Infants and Preschoolers | |
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| Suzuki Method of Playing the Violin | |
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| Head Start Programs | |
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| Infant Walkers | |
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| Johnny and Jimmy | |
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| Effects of Early Deprivation | |
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| Hopi Cradleboards and Infant Development | |
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| Deprivation Dwarfism | |
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| Anna: A Case of Extreme Isolation | |
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| The "Young Savage of Abeyron" | |
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| Concepts Concerning Stimulation and Deprivation | |
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| Critical Periods | |
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| Readiness | |
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| Catch-Up | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Physical Changes Across the Lifespan | |
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| Growth and Maturation | |
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| Measuring Growth in Length and Stature | |
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| Growth in Length and Stature | |
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| Measuring Body Weight | |
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| Growth in Body Weight | |
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| Combining Body Weight and Height: Body Mass Index | |
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| Stature and Weight: Interrelationship with Motor Development and Performance | |
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| Adolescent Awkwardness | |
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| Measuring Changes in Body Proportions | |
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| Changes in Body Proportions | |
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| Changes in the Ratio of Head Length to Total Body Length | |
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| Changes in Head Circumference | |
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| Changes in Sitting Height | |
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| Growth in Shoulder and Hip Width | |
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| Physique | |
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| Body Proportions: Interrelationship with Motor Performance | |
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| Measuring Skeletal Health | |
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| Skeletal Development | |
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| Exercise, Skeletal Development, and Health | |
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| Maturation and Developmental Age | |
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| Skeletal Maturity | |
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| Dental Maturity | |
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| Age of Menarche | |
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| Genitalia Maturity | |
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| Maturation: Interrelationship with Motor Performance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Physiciological Changes: Health-Related Physical Fitness | |
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| Cardiovascular Fitness | |
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| Heart Rate | |
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| Stroke Volume | |
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| Cardiac Output | |
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| Maximal Oxygen Consumption | |
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| Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Childhood | |
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| Cardiovascular Endurance Field-Test Data on Children and Adolescents | |
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| Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Adulthood | |
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| Muscular Strength | |
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| Defining and Measuring Muscular Strength | |
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| Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength: Laboratory Tests | |
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| Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength/Endurance: Field Tests | |
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| Muscular Strength Training | |
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| Mechanisms of Increasing Muscular Strength | |
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| Flexibility | |
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| Flexibility: Performance Trends | |
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| Declining Flexibility and Aging: Causes and Therapy | |
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| Body Composition | |
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| Defining Overweight and Obese | |
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| General Growth Trends of Adipose Tissue | |
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| Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Association Between Childhood and Adulthood Obesity | |
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| Laboratory-Test Measures of Body Composition | |
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| Field-Test Measures of Body Composition | |
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| Relationship of Obesity to Motor Development and Performance | |
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| Treatment of Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Gender Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness | |
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| Factors Associated with Physiological Fitness | |
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| Points of Controversy and Concern | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Movement and the Changing Senses | |
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| Understanding the Mechanics of Vision | |
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| Physical Development of the Eye | |
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| Development of Selected Visual Traits and Skilled Motor Performance | |
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| Visual Acuity | |
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| Binocular Vision and Depth Perception | |
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| Field of Vision | |
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| Effects of Aging on Depth Perception and Field of Vision | |
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| Eye Dominance | |
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| Tracking and Object Interception | |
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| Motor Development of Children with Visual Impairments | |
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| Head and Trunk Control | |
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| Independent Sitting | |
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| Creeping | |
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| Independent Walking | |
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| Prehension | |
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| Play Behavior of Children with Visual Impairments | |
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| The Nonvisual Senses | |
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| The Proprioceptive System | |
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| The Auditory System | |
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| The Cutaneous System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Movement Across the Lifespan | |
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| Infant Reflexes and Stereotypies | |
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| Importance of the Infant Reflexes | |
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| Infant Versus Lifespan Reflexes | |
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| Role of the Reflexes in Survival | |
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| Role of the Reflexes in Developing Future Movement | |
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| The Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools | |
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| Pinpointing the Number of Infant Reflexes | |
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| Primitive Reflexes | |
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| Palmar Grasp Reflex | |
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| Sucking Reflex | |
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| Search Reflex | |
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| Moro Reflex | |
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| Startle Reflex | |
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| Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex | |
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| Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex | |
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| Plantar Grasp Reflex | |
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| Babinski Reflex | |
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| Palmar Mandibular Reflex | |
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| Palmar Mental Reflex | |
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| Postural Reflexes | |
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| Stepping Reflex | |
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| Crawling Reflex | |
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| Swimming Reflex | |
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| Head- and Body-Righting Reflexes | |
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| Parachuting Reflexes | |
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| Labyrinthine Reflex | |
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| Pull-Up Reflex | |
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| Stereotypies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Voluntary Movements of Infancy | |
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| Categorizing the Voluntary Movements of Infancy | |
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| Head Control | |
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| Body Control | |
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| Prone Locomotion | |
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| Upright Locomotion | |
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| Reaching, Grasping, and Releasing | |
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| Anticipation and Object Control in Reaching and Grasping | |
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| Bimanual Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Fine Motor Development | |
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| Assessing Fine Movement | |
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| Categorizing Manipulation | |
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| The Development of Prehension | |
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| An Alternate View of the Development of Prehension | |
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| Exploratory Procedures and Haptic Perception | |
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| Holding a Writing Implement | |
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| Cross-Cultural Comparison of Development of the Dynamic Tripod | |
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| The Dynamic Tripod from 6 to 14 Years | |
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| Drawing and Writing: Movement Products | |
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| Drawing: The Product | |
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| Handwriting: The Product | |
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| Finger Tapping | |
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| Fine Motor Slowing in Late Adulthood | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Fundamental Locomotion Skills of Childhood | |
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| Walking | |
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| Dynamic Base | |
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| Foot Angle | |
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| Walking Speed | |
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| Walking with External Loads | |
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| Walking with and Without Shoes | |
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| Running | |
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| Selected Improvements in the Running Pattern | |
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| Developmental Sequences for Running | |
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| Developmental Performance Trends for Running | |
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| Jumping | |
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| Preparatory Phase | |
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| Takeoff and Flight Phases | |
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| Landing Phase | |
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| Developmental Sequences for the Standing Long Jump | |
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| Developmental Sequences for the Vertical Jump | |
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| Developmental Performance Trends for Vertical Jumping | |
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| A Variation of Jumping: Hopping | |
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| Combining Fundamental Movements: The Gallop, Slide, and Skip | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Fundamental Object-Control Skills of Childhood | |
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| Overarm Throwing | |
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| Developmental Stages of Throwing | |
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| Developmental Performance Trends for Overarm Throwing | |
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| Factors That Influence Overarm Throwing Performance | |
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| Accounting for Gender Differences in Overarm Throwing | |
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| Catching | |
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| Developmental Aspects: Two-Handed Catching | |
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| Developmental Sequences for Two-Handed Catching | |
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| Developmental Aspects: One-Handed Catching | |
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| Factors That Influence Catching Performance | |
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| Striking | |
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| Developmental Aspects of One- and Two-Handed Striking | |
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| Stationary Ball Bouncing | |
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| Kicking | |
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| Punting | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Youth Sports | |
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| Where Children Participate in Sports | |
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| Why Children Participate in Sports | |
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| Participation: Competence Motivation Theory | |
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| Why Children Drop Out of Sports | |
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| Sport Participation: Controversies | |
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| Medical Issues | |
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| Psychological Issues | |
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| Youth Sport Coaching | |
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| Who's Coaching Our Children? | |
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| An Increasing Need for Educating Coaches | |
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| Current Coaching Certification Programs | |
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| Arguments Against Mandatory Coaching Certification | |
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| Evaluating Coaching Effectiveness | |
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| Guidelines for Effective Coaching | |
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| Parental Education: An Attempt to Curb Violence | |
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| Rights of Young Athletes | |
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| Youth Sports: Recommendations for the 21st Century | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Movement in Adulthood | |
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| The Shift to a Lifespan Approach to Motor Development | |
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| Balance and Postural Sway | |
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| Falls | |
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| Causes of Falls | |
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| Strategies to Avoid Falls Among the Elderly | |
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| Walking Patterns of Adulthood | |
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| Driving and Older Age | |
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| Adult Performance on Selected Motor Activities | |
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| Activities of Daily Living | |
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| Age of Peak Proficiency | |
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| Adult Performance During High Arousal | |
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| Movement Speed in Adulthood | |
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| Running Speed | |
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| Reaction and Response Time | |
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| Is a Movement Decline Inevitable with Age? | |
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| Compensation for the Movement Decline | |
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| Effects of Exercise on the Movement Decline | |
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| Effects of Practice on the Movement Decline | |
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| Physical Activity Trends in Adulthood | |
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| Sports-Related Injuries to Baby Boomers and Older Adults | |
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| Teaching Movement Skill to the Older Adult | |
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| The World Health Organization Heidelberg Guidelines | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Assessing Motor Development and Implementing a Program | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Guidelines for Assessment | |
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| Why Assess? | |
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| What Variables to Assess | |
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| Selecting the Best Test | |
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| Preparing Students for Assessment | |
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| Instructor Preparation and Data Collection | |
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| Interpreting the Assessment Data | |
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| Formal Versus Informal Assessment | |
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| Sharing Assessment Results | |
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| Types of Assessment Instruments | |
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| Norm-Referenced | |
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| Criterion-Referenced | |
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| Product-Oriented Assessment | |
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| Product- Versus Process-Oriented Assessment: A Comparative Example | |
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| Product-Oriented Assessment | |
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| Process-Oriented Assessment | |
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| Selected Norm-Referenced Instruments | |
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| Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III | |
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| Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency | |
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| Basic Motor Ability Test-Revised | |
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| Denver II | |
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| Selected Process-Oriented Assessment Instruments | |
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| Sigma | |
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| Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills Inventory | |
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| Fundamental Motor Pattern Assessment Instrument | |
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| Test of Gross Motor Development-2 | |
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| Assessing the Disabled | |
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| Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development | |
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| I Can | |
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| Aids in Assessing Motor Skills | |
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| Assessing Physical Fitness | |
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| The Fitnessgram/Activitygram | |
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| The Brockport Physical Fitness Test | |
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| The President's Challenge | |
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| National Youth Physical Fitness Program | |
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| National Children and Youth Fitness Studies I and II | |
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| Functional Fitness Assessment for Adults Over 60 Years | |
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| The Senior Fitness Test | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Planning and Conducting Developmental Movement Programs | |
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| Preprogram Considerations | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| Facilities and Equipment | |
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| Personnel | |
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| Administrative Considerations | |
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| Advertising the Program | |
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| Registration | |
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| Orientation Meeting | |
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| First-Aid and Emergency Procedures | |
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| Cancellation Procedures | |
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| Drop-Off and Pick-Up Procedures | |
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| Curricular Considerations | |
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| Preprogram Assessments | |
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| Instructional Organization | |
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| Instructional Delivery Considerations | |
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| Postprogram Discussions | |
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| Parents' Workshop | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Questions for Reflection | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Online Learning Center | |
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| References | |
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| Growth Charts: National Center for Health Statistics | |
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| Body Mass Index Table | |
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| Summary of the Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health | |
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| Summary of the CDC's Guidelines for School and Community Programs Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity | |
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| List of Web Sites | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |