| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
So, What Is Sociology? | |
| |
| |
The Value of Sociology to Students | |
| |
| |
Tips for Studying Sociology-and an Invitation | |
| |
| |
| |
Responding to Chaos: A Brief History of Sociology | |
| |
| |
Inquiries into the Physical World | |
| |
| |
Technology, Urbanization, and Social Upheaval | |
| |
| |
The Origins of Modern Sociology in France: Emile Durkheim | |
| |
| |
Excerpt: Emile Durkheim, From Suicide (1897) and The Rules of the Sociological Method (1904) | |
| |
| |
The Origins of Modern Sociology in Germany: Ferdinand Tonnies, Max Weber, and Karl Marx | |
| |
| |
Excerpt: Ferdinand Tonnies, From Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (1887) | |
| |
| |
Karl Marx | |
| |
| |
The Origins of Modern Sociology in England: Herbert Spencer | |
| |
| |
Sociology in the United States | |
| |
| |
Box: One Small Step for Sociology | |
| |
| |
The Place of Sociology in Modern Society | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sociological Eye | |
| |
| |
The Focus on the Social | |
| |
| |
Skepticism | |
| |
| |
Box: Nail Down That Distinction Between Manifest and Latent Functions! | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Science and Fuzzy Objects: Specialization in Sociology | |
| |
| |
Dividing Up the Task | |
| |
| |
Topic Area or Subject Matter | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Perspectives (Paradigms): Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist | |
| |
| |
The Functionalist Paradigm | |
| |
| |
The Conflict Paradigm | |
| |
| |
The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm | |
| |
| |
Which Paradigm Is Correct? | |
| |
| |
Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Who's Afraid of Sociology? | |
| |
| |
The Empirical World and Inconvenient Facts | |
| |
| |
Ethnocentrism | |
| |
| |
Avoiding Ethnocentrism Can Be Difficult | |
| |
| |
Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Vocabulary of Science | |
| |
| |
Variables | |
| |
| |
Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
Kinds of Variables: Independent Versus Dependent | |
| |
| |
Kinds of Relationships: Directionality | |
| |
| |
Operational Definitions | |
| |
| |
Tables and Figures | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Doing Social Research | |
| |
| |
Two Traditions: Quantitative and Qualitative Research | |
| |
| |
First Things First: The Lit Review | |
| |
| |
The Survey | |
| |
| |
Types of Survey Questions | |
| |
| |
Box: Six Guidelines for Crafting Survey Questions | |
| |
| |
The Art of Asking Questions | |
| |
| |
The Experiment | |
| |
| |
Box: Five Rules for Doing True Experiments | |
| |
| |
Observation | |
| |
| |
Unobtrusive (Nonreactive) Research | |
| |
| |
Artifacts | |
| |
| |
Use of Existing Statistics | |
| |
| |
Content Analysis | |
| |
| |
The Importance of Triangulation | |
| |
| |
Sampling | |
| |
| |
Box: Ethics and Social Research | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Culture | |
| |
| |
Material and Nonmaterial Culture | |
| |
| |
Nonmaterial culture | |
| |
| |
Symbols | |
| |
| |
Language | |
| |
| |
Norms | |
| |
| |
Types of norms | |
| |
| |
Sanctions | |
| |
| |
Box: The Power of Informal Sanctions | |
| |
| |
Values | |
| |
| |
Box: What do Americans value? | |
| |
| |
Box: Ideology | |
| |
| |
Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
Box: Statements of Belief | |
| |
| |
Ideas and Beliefs | |
| |
| |
How It Adds Up | |
| |
| |
Culture as a Product of Action | |
| |
| |
Culture as a Conditioning Element of Further Action | |
| |
| |
Box: Problems Identified and Resolved in All Known Cultures | |
| |
| |
Box: Varieties of Cultural Wisdom | |
| |
| |
Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
Social Change: Cultural Diffusion and Leveling | |
| |
| |
Subcultures and Countercultures | |
| |
| |
Excerpt: Margaret Visser, From Much Depends on Dinner (1986) | |
| |
| |
Idiocultures | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Social Structure | |
| |
| |
Statuses | |
| |
| |
Roles | |
| |
| |
| |
Role Strain | |
| |
| |
| |
Status Inconsistency | |
| |
| |
| |
Role Conflict | |
| |
| |
Box: Tricky Tricky Situations | |
| |
| |
Master Status | |
| |
| |
Groups | |
| |
| |
Primary and Secondary Groups | |
| |
| |
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies | |
| |
| |
Ideal-Type Bureaucracies | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Society and Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
Societal Needs | |
| |
| |
The Nature of Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
Institutions Are Generally Unplanned; They Develop Gradually | |
| |
| |
Institutions Are Inherently Conservative; They Change, but Slowly | |
| |
| |
A Particular Society's Institutions Are Interdependent; Because of This, Change in One Institution Tends to Bring About Change in Others | |
| |
| |
The Statuses, Roles, Values, and Norms Associated with an Institution in One Society Frequently Bear Little Resemblance to Those in Another Society | |
| |
| |
Box: Polygamy and Monogamy | |
| |
| |
Social Change: The Trend Toward Increasing Specialization | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Socialization | |
| |
| |
Nature and Nurture: Biological and Social Processes | |
| |
| |
How Socialization Works | |
| |
| |
The Looking-Glass Self: Charles Horton Cooley | |
| |
| |
The "I" and the "Me": George Herbert Mead | |
| |
| |
Family | |
| |
| |
Excerpt: George Herbert Mead, From Play and Games in the Genesis of Self (1934) | |
| |
| |
School | |
| |
| |
Mass Media | |
| |
| |
Peer Groups | |
| |
| |
Box: Rites of Passage | |
| |
| |
The Workplace | |
| |
| |
Resociaiization and Total Institutions | |
| |
| |
Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Deviance and Social Control | |
| |
| |
The Relativity of Deviance (What We Already Know) | |
| |
| |
Nonsociological Theories of Deviance | |
| |
| |
Sociological Theories of Deviance: Emile Durkheim and Suicide | |
| |
| |
The Collective Conscience and Structural Strain | |
| |
| |
Egoism and Anomie | |
| |
| |
More Structural Strain: Robert Merton and Anomie | |
| |
| |
Anomie and Modern Social Structure | |
| |
| |
Responses to Anomie | |
| |
| |
Legitimate Versus Illegitimate Means | |
| |
| |
Learning to Be Deviant: Howard Becker's Study of Marijuana Use | |
| |
| |
Learning to Smoke | |
| |
| |
Learning to Perceive the Effects | |
| |
| |
Learning to Enjoy the Effects | |
| |
| |
The Societal Reaction Perspective: Labeling Theory | |
| |
| |
The Functions of Deviance: Maintenance of the Status Quo and Social Change | |
| |
| |
Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Stratification and Inequality | |
| |
| |
Caste Systems | |
| |
| |
Estate Systems | |
| |
| |
Box: A Year in the Life of the Peasant | |
| |
| |
Class Systems | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Conceptions of Class | |
| |
| |
Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
Some Words About Slavery | |
| |
| |
Social Mobility and Open Versus Closed Systems | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Inequality and Achievement: Social Class | |
| |
| |
Box: The Matthew Effect | |
| |
| |
Explaining Social Stratification | |
| |
| |
Cultural Explanations | |
| |
| |
Structural Explanations | |
| |
| |
Box: Beyond Academics | |
| |
| |
The Pygmalion Effect: The Power of Expectations | |
| |
| |
The Fallacy of Hard Work | |
| |
| |
Box: Ponder | |
| |
| |
Social Mobility, Social Structure, and Social Change | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Inequality and Ascription: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender | |
| |
| |
Why a Dollar Is Not Always a Dollar | |
| |
| |
Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Discrimination and "Isms" | |
| |
| |
The Social Construction of Minority Groups | |
| |
| |
Gender | |
| |
| |
Box: Sex or Gender? | |
| |
| |
Chapter Review | |
| |
| |
Stop & Review: Answers and Discussion | |
| |
| |
Afterword | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Glossary/Index | |
| |
| |
Credits | |