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Prologue: Theory of Oral Communication | |
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The Fundamentals of Communication | |
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Making Ourselves Understood | |
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Communication Models | |
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The Audience | |
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Preparing to Meet the Audience | |
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The Communication Process | |
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The Audience | |
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The Message | |
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The Speaker | |
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Value to the Speaker | |
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Speaker-Audience Relationship | |
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Getting Started | |
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Preparing to Meet the Audience | |
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Receiving an Invitation to Speak | |
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Logistics | |
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Demographics | |
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Adapting Your Speech to the Audience | |
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Particular Interests | |
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Possible opposition | |
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Political Perspective | |
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Religious Influences | |
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Cultural Differences | |
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The Relevance Factor | |
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Stepping into the Listeners’ Shoes | |
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Speaking So That People Will Listen | |
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Gain the Attention | |
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Have a Clear Purpose | |
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Emphasize key Words and Points | |
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Provide Connecting Phrases | |
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Build Attention Features | |
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Ease the Strain of Listening | |
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Penetrate Stereotyped Notions | |
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Observe the Time Limit | |
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Respect for the Audience / The Audience’s Bill of Rights | |
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Finding Common Ground | |
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Connecting with the Audience | |
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Framing the Issue | |
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Avoiding Divisiveness | |
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Basic Agreement | |
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Qualified Meaning of Common Ground | |
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Positive Results | |
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The Audience in a Pluralistic Society | |
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Diverse Perceptions of Communication Skills | |
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Learning About Yourself and Others | |
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Common Characteristics | |
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The Cultural Effects of Diversity | |
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Diversity in the Workplace | |
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Social Implication of Diversity | |
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The Speaker’s Dilemma | |
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Overcoming Cultural Barriers | |
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The Challenge of Pluralism | |
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Listening and Reacting | |
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Choosing to Listen | |
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Listening Models | |
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Learning to Listen | |
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Forming Good Listening Habits | |
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Feedback to the Speaker | |
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Listening Passively | |
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Listening Actively | |
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Comprehensive Listening | |
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Obstacles to Listening | |
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Critical Listening | |
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Listening for Faulty Reasoning | |
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Retention and Access | |
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Semantics of Listening and Reacting | |
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Levels of Abstraction | |
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Semantic Reactions | |
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Shaping Perception | |
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Intentional Choice of Words | |
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The Message | |
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The Topic, Purpose, and Content of the Speech | |
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The Topic | |
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Appropriateness | |
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Complexity | |
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Significance | |
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Scope | |
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The General Purpose | |
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The Speech to Inform | |
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The Speech to Persuade | |
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The Speech to Motivate | |
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The Speech to Entertain | |
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Combinations | |
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The Content | |
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Using the Internet | |
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Taking Notes | |
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Forms of Support | |
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Definition of Terms | |
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Specific Instances | |
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Controlled Studies | |
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Statistical Data | |
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Testimonial Evidence | |
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Interest Grabbers | |
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Selecting Your Material | |
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Organizing and Outlining | |
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The Need to be Organized | |
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The Value of an Outline | |
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The Basic Structure | |
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The Introduction | |
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Attention Statement | |
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Purpose Statement | |
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Giving Focus to the Subject | |
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Phrasing the Purpose Statement | |
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The Presummary | |
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The Body of the Speech | |
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Main Headings | |
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Supporting Information | |
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Transitions | |
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The Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Reinforcing the Thesis | |
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Quotation | |
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Finished Outline | |
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The Speech to Inform | |
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The Qualities of Exposition | |
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The Focus Makes It Your Own | |
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Being Familiar with your Subject | |
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Speaking Opportunities | |
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Topics for the Speech to Inform | |
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Taking a Neutral Position | |
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Priming the Audience’s Interest | |
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Helping to Inform the Voter | |
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Instant Speech | |
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Speaking in the Business World | |
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Training Specialist | |
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Speaking to a Committee | |
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The Informative Presentation | |
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Thinking and Reasoning | |
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Critical Thinking | |
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Selective Learning | |
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Examining Beliefs | |
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Testing What You Read and Hear | |
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Learning What You Need to Know | |
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Interpreting Information and Drawing | |
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Conclusions | |
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The Inductive Process | |
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Signs and Causes | |
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The Deductive Process | |
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Discovering What You Believe | |
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the Speech to Persuade | |
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The Persuasive Message | |
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The Inherent Qualities of Persuasion | |
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Modes of Proof | |
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Taking a Position | |
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Status Quo | |
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Conflicting Beliefs | |
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Persuasive Information | |
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Constructing and Argumentative Case | |
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Advancing a Claim | |
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Using Evidence to Support a Claim | |
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Providing a Warrant to Reinforce Evidence | |
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Forming a Thesis | |
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Facing Opposition | |
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Emotional Appeals | |
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Shared Values | |
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Personal Integrity / Credibility of the Speaker | |
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The Speaker | |
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The Speaker's Frame of Mind | |
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Desire to be Heard | |
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Thorough Preparation | |
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Techniques to Relieve Anxiety | |
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Creating a New Self-Image | |
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Self-esteem | |
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Message to Ourselves | |
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Changing our Self-perception | |
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Self-regulating Mechanism | |
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Comfort zones | |
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Making Adjustments | |
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Imprinting the New Image | |
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Convincing Yourself | |
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Rewards of Speaking | |
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Delivering the Message | |
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The Use of Language | |
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Words and their Meaning | |
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Offensive Language | |
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Modes of Delivery | |
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Impromptu Speaking | |
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The Fully Scripted Speech | |
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Speaking Extemporaneously | |
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The Dimensions of the Message | |
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Primary Message | |
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Auxiliary Messages | |
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Secondary Messages | |
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Nonverbal Communication | |
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Vocal Communication | |
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Emphasizing Key Points | |
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Repetition | |
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Pointer Phrase | |
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Oratorical Emphasis | |
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Visual Reinforcement | |
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Responding to Questions | |
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Know Your Subject | |
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Anticipate Questions | |
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Direct Answers to the Whole Audience | |
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Be Succinct | |
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Encourage Involvement | |
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Maintain Control | |
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Know When to Stop | |
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The Power of Visuals | |
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PowerPoint | |
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Do it Right | |
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Practice, Practice, Practice | |
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High Stakes Presentation | |
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Speaking to a Specific Audience | |
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The Tools of the Trade | |
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What Visuals Can Accomplish | |
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Making It Happen with Visual Aids | |
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Projecting Images | |
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Plain and Simple Visuals | |
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Desktop Visuals | |
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Microphones and Cameras | |
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Public Address Systems | |
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Radio Microphones | |
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Television Cameras | |
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Putting it All Together | |
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Meeting Ethical Standards | |
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Telling It Like It Is | |
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Values Clarification | |
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Applying Your Own Ethics | |
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Ethical Standards at Risk | |
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Political Ethics | |
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Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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Sophistry | |
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Civil Disobedience | |
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Social Contracts | |
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The Value of Ethical Conduct | |
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The Speaker's Code of Ethics | |
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Moral Questions | |
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Reason is the Ultimate Ethic | |
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Appendix: Speaking Opportunities | |