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Why Do We Study the History of Art? | |
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The Artistic Impulse | |
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Chronology | |
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Why Do We Value Art? | |
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Material Value | |
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Intrinsic Value | |
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Brancusi’s Bird: Manufactured Metal or a Work of Art? | |
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Religious Value | |
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Nationalistic Value | |
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Psychological Value | |
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Art and Illusion | |
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Images and Words | |
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Traditions Equating Artists with Gods | |
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Art and Identification | |
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Reflections and Shadows: Legends of How Art Began | |
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Image Magic | |
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Architecture | |
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Archaeology and Art History | |
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Methodologies of Art History | |
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Formalism | |
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Iconography and Iconology | |
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Marxism | |
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Feminism | |
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Biography and Autobiography | |
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Semiology | |
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Deconstruction | |
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Psychoanalysis | |
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The Language of Art | |
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Composition | |
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Plane | |
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Balance | |
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Line | |
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Expressive Qualities of Line | |
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Lines Used for Modeling | |
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Depth | |
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The Illusion of Depth | |
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Perspective | |
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Space | |
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Shape | |
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Types of Shapes | |
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Expressive Qualities of Shape | |
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Light and Color | |
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Physical Properties of Color | |
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Expressive Qualities of Color | |
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Texture | |
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Stylistic Terminology | |
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Prehistoric Western Europe | |
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The Stone Age | |
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Paleolithic | |
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MAP: Prehistoric Site in Europe | |
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Sculpture | |
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Technique: Carving | |
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Technique: Modeling | |
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Technique: Categories of Sculpture | |
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Painting | |
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Media: Pigment | |
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Beyond the West: Rock Paintings of Australia | |
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Mesolithic | |
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Neolithic | |
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Menhirs | |
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Dolmens | |
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Cromlechs | |
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Architecture: Post-and-Lintel Construction | |
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The Ancient Near East | |
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The Neolithic Era | |
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MAP: The Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East | |
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Jericho | |
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�atal H�y�k | |
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Mesopotamia | |
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Primary Source: Inanna | |
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The Uruk Period | |
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Ziggurats | |
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Religion: Mesopotamian Gods | |
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Cylinder Seals | |
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From Pictures to Words | |
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Literature: Gilgamesh | |
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Sumer: Early Dynastic Period | |
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Akkad | |
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Society and Culture: Sargon of Akkad | |
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Neo-Sumerian | |
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The Ziggurat of Ur | |
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Babylon | |
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Society and Culture: The Law Code of Hammurabi | |
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Anatolia: The Hittites | |
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Assyria | |
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Technique: Glazing | |
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The Neo-Babylonian Empire | |
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Architecture: Round Arches | |
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Iran | |
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Society and Culture: Destroying the Archaeological Record | |
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The Scythians | |
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Achaemenid Persia | |
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Architecture: Columns | |
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Ancient Egypt | |
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The Gift of the Nile | |
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The Pharaohs | |
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The Egyptian Concept of Kingship | |
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Chronology: Egyptian Kings | |
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MAP: Ancient Egypt and Nubia | |
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The Palette of Narmer | |
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Religion: Egyptian Gods | |
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The Old Kingdom | |
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Pyramids | |
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Mummification | |
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Sculpture | |
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Technique: The Egyptian Canon of Proportion | |
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The Middle Kingdom | |
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The New Kingdom | |
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Temples | |
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Painting | |
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The Amarna Period | |
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Tutankhamon’s Tomb | |
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Egypt and Nubia | |
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The Rock-Cut Temple of Ramses II | |
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Mero� | |
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The Aegean | |
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Cycladic Civilization | |
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MAP: The Ancient Aegean World | |
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Minoan Civilization | |
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The Palace at Knossos | |
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Media and Technique: Minoan Fresco | |
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Religion | |
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Pottery | |
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Society and Culture: Minoan Scripts | |
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Discoveries at Thera | |
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The Frescoes | |
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Mycenaean Civilization | |
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Myth: The Legend of Agamemnon | |
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The Art of Ancient Greece | |
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MAP: Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean | |
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Cultural Identity | |
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Government and Philosophy | |
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Philosophy: Plato on Artists | |
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Society and Culture: Women in Ancient Greece | |
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Literature and Drama | |
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“Man Is the Measure of All Things” | |
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Religion: Greek Gods and Their Roman Counterparts | |
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Painting and Pottery | |
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Geometric Style | |
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Orientalizing Style | |
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Archaic Style | |
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Media and Technique: Greek Vases | |
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Late Archaic to Classical Style | |
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Classical to Hellenistic Style | |
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Sculpture | |
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Archaic Style | |
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Early Classical Style | |
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Media and Technique: The Lost-Wax Process | |
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Classical Style | |
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Classical Architecture: The Athenian Acropolis | |
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The Parthenon | |
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Architecture: Plan of the Parthenon | |
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Architecture: The Greek Orders | |
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Myth: Medusa | |
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The Temple of Athena Nike | |
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The Erechtheum | |
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Late Classical Style | |
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The Greek Theater | |
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Architecture: Greek Theater | |
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Sculpture | |
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Style: The “Hermes of Praxiteles” | |
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Hellenistic Period | |
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Sculpture | |
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Myth: The Trojan Horse | |
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The Art of the Etruscans | |
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MAP: Etruscan and Roman Italy | |
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Architecture | |
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Pottery and Sculpture | |
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Women in Etruscan Art | |
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Funerary Art | |
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Cinerary Containers | |
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Sarcophagi | |
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Tomb Paintings | |
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Ancient Rome | |
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MAP: The Roman Empire, A.D. 14-282 | |
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Primary Source: Virgil’s Aeneid | |
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Chronology: Roman Periods | |
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Architecture: Arches, Domes, and Vaults | |
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Architectural Types | |
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Domestic Architecture | |
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Public Buildings | |
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History: Julius Caesar | |
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Media: Roman Building Materials | |
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Religious Architecture | |
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Commemorative Architecture | |
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Primary Source: Josephus and the Jewish Wars | |
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Sculptural Types | |
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The Sarcophagus | |
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Media: Color Symbolism in Roman Marble | |
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Portraits | |
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History: Marcus Aurelius: Emperor and Philosopher | |
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Pictorial Style | |
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Painting and Mosaic | |
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Early Christian and Byzantine Art | |
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A New Religion | |
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Constantine and Christianity | |
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The Divergence of East and West | |
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Religion: Christianity and the Scriptures | |
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Early Christian Art | |
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Sarcophagi | |
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Religion: Christian Symbolism | |
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History: The Catacombs | |
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Basilicas | |
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Religion: Saint Peter | |
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Centrally Planned Churches | |
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Justinian and the Byzantine Style | |
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San Vitale | |
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Media and Technique: Mosaics | |
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MAP: The Byzantine Empire under Justinian I, A.D. 565 | |
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Hagia Sophia | |
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The Codex | |
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The Vienna Genesis | |
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Media: Parchment | |
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Later Byzantine Developments | |
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The Early Middle Ages | |
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Islamic Art | |
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Religion: Islam | |
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The Great Mosque, C�rdoba | |
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Northern European Art | |
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Anglo-Saxon Metalwork | |
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Primary Source: Beowulf | |
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Hiberno-Saxon Art | |
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Media and Technique: Manuscript Illumination | |
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The Carolingian Period | |
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MAP: The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne, 814 | |
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Manuscripts | |
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Religion: Revelation and the Four Symbols of the Evangelists | |
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Monasteries | |
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Ottonian Period | |
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Romanesque Art | |
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Economic and Political Developments | |
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Society and Culture: Feudalism | |
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Pilgrimage Roads | |
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MAP: Pilgrimage Roads to Santiago de Compostela, Spain | |
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Architecture | |
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Sainte-Foy at Conques | |
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Developments at Autun | |
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The Stavelot Reliquary Triptych | |
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Manuscripts | |
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Mural Painting | |
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The “Bayeux Tapestry” | |
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Gothic Art | |
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Origins of the Gothic Style in France | |
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Early Gothic Architecture: Saint-Denis | |
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Religion: The Life of Saint Denis | |
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Elements of Gothic Architecture | |
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Rib Vaults | |
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Piers | |
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Flying Buttresses | |
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Pointed Arches | |
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The Skeleton | |
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Stained-Glass Windows | |
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Society and Culture: Guilds | |
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Romanesque Precursors of Gothic | |
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The Age of Cathedrals | |
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Chartres | |
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Exterior Architecture of Chartres | |
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Exterior Sculpture of Chartres | |
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Interior of Chartres | |
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Later Developments of the French Gothic Style | |
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Reims | |
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Paris: Reliquary Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle | |
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The Saint Louis Psalter | |
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English Gothic | |
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Salisbury Cathedral | |
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German Gothic | |
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Cologne Cathedral | |
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Precursors of the Renaissance | |
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Thirteenth-Century Italy | |
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Nicola Pisano | |
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Cimabue | |
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MAP: Leading Art Centers in Renaissance Italy | |
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Fourteenth-Century Italy | |
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Giotto | |
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Literature: Dante: Poet of Heaven and Hell | |
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Media and Technique: Tempera | |
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Media and Technique: Altarpieces | |
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The Arena Chapel | |
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Media and Technique: Fresco | |
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Painting in Siena | |
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Duccio’s Rucellai Madonna | |
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The Maest� | |
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The Kiss of Judas | |
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Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Effects of Good Government | |
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The International Gothic Style | |
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Claus Sluter | |
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The Limbourg Brothers | |
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The Early Renaissance | |
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Italy in the Fifteenth Century | |
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Renaissance Humanism | |
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Society and Culture: The Humanist Movement | |
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Society and Culture: Soldiers of Fortune | |
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The Competition for the Florence Baptistery Doors | |
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Brunelleschi’s Architecture | |
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History: Vasari’s Lives | |
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Linear Perspective | |
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Ghiberti’s East Baptistery Doors | |
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The Early Fifteenth-Century Painting | |
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Masaccio | |
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International Style in Italy: Gentile da Fabriano | |
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Technique: Aerial Perspective | |
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Early Fifteenth-Century Sculpture: Donatello’s David | |
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Second-Generation Developments | |
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Leon Battista Alberti | |
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The Theme of David and Goliath | |
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The Equestrian Portrait | |
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State Portraits | |
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Media: Oil Painting | |
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Monumentality versus Spirituality in Fifteenth-Century Painting | |
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Filippo Lippi | |
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Andrea Mantegna’s Illusionism | |
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History: Isabella d’Este | |
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Botticelli’s Mythological Subject Matter | |
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Philosophy: The Platonic Academy | |
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Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Netherlands | |
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MAP: Northern and Central Europe in the Renaissance | |
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Campin’s M�rode Altarpiece | |
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Jan van Eyck | |
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Rogier van der Weyden | |
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Later Developments | |
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The High Renaissance in Italy | |
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Architecture | |
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The Ideal of the Circle and Centrally Planned Churches | |
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St. Peter’s and the Central Plan | |
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History: Julius II | |
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Painting and Sculpture | |
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Leonardo da Vinci | |
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Technique: Sfumato | |
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Michelangelo Buonarroti | |
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Raphael | |
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Developments in Venice | |
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Gentile Bellini | |
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Giovanni Bellini and the Sacra Conversazione | |
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Theory: Pietro Aretino on Color versus Drawing | |
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Giorgione | |
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Titian | |
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Mannerism and the Later Sixteenth Century in Italy | |
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Politics and Religion | |
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History: The Reformation | |
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Mannerism | |
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Mannerist Painting | |
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Society and Culture: Vasari on Women Artists | |
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Mannerist Sculpture | |
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History: The Counter-Reformation | |
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Counter-Reformation Painting | |
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Tintoretto | |
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History: The Painter’s Daughter | |
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El Greco | |
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Architecture: Andrea Palladio | |
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Theory: The Four Books of Architecture | |
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Sixteenth-Century Painting and Printmaking in Northern Europe | |
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Humanism in the North | |
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MAP: Northern and Central Europe in the Renaissance | |
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The Netherlands | |
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Hieronymus Bosch | |
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History: Martin Luther | |
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Caterina van Hemessen | |
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder | |
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Literature: W.H. Auden’s Icarus | |
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Germany | |
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Albrecht D�rer | |
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Media and Technique: Printmaking | |
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Society and Culture: The Myth of the Mad Artist | |
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History: Erasmus | |
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Matthias Gr�newald | |
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Lucas Cranach | |
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Hans Holbein the Younger | |
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The Baroque Style in Western Europe | |
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Religion, Politics, and Science | |
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Baroque Style | |
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MAP: Europe during the Baroque Style | |
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Architecture | |
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Italy | |
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France | |
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Society and Culture: The French Academy | |
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England | |
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Sculpture: Gianlorenzo Bernini | |
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Italian Baroque Painting | |
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Caravaggio | |
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Artemisia Gentileschi | |
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Society and Culture: Women as Artists from Antiquity to the 17th Century | |
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Giovanni Battista Gaulli | |
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Baroque Painting in Northern Europe | |
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Flanders: Peter Paul Rubens | |
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Holland: Rembrandt van Rijn | |
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Technique: Etching | |
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Beyond the West: Mughal Art and the Baroque | |
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Frans Hals | |
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Judith Leyster | |
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Jan Vermeer | |
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Jacob van Ruisdael | |
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Maria van Oosterwyck | |
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Spanish Baroque Painting | |
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Juan S�nchez Cot�n | |
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Francesco de Zurbur�n | |
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Diego Vel�zquez | |
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French Baroque Painting: Nicolas Poussin | |
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Rococo, the Eighteenth Century, and Revival Styles | |
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Cultural Developments | |
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Society and Culture: Salons and Salonni�res | |
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The Age of Enlightenment | |
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Painting in France | |
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Antoine Watteau | |
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Jean-Honor� Fragonard | |
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Ad�laide Labille-Guiard | |
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�lisabeth Vig�e-Lebrun | |
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History: Prelude to the French Revolution | |
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Bourgeois Realism: Jean-Baptiste Chardin | |
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Painting in England | |
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Thomas Gainsborough | |
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William Hogarth | |
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Rococo Architecture in Germany | |
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Balthasar Neumann | |
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Matth�us Daniel P�ppelmann | |
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Dominikus Zimmermann | |
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Architectural Revivals in England | |
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Classicism: Lord Burlington and Robert Adam | |
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Gothic Revival: Horace Walpole | |
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Neoclassicism: Angelica Kauffmann | |
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American Painting | |
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John Singleton Copley | |
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Benjamin West | |
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Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries | |
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The Neoclassical Style in France | |
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Jacques-Louis David | |
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Chronology: The French Revolution and the Reign of Napoleon | |
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Napoleon and the Arts | |
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Antonio Canova | |
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Marie-Guillemine Benoist | |
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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres | |
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MAP: The Napoleonic Empire, 1812 | |
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Developments in America | |
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The American Revolution | |
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Chronology: The American Campaign for Independence | |
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The Architecture of Thomas Jefferson | |
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MAP: The United States, showing states and territories during Jefferson’s presidency, c. 1803 | |
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John Trumbull’s Declaration of Independence | |
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Greenough’s George Washington | |
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Romanticism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries | |
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The Romantic Movement | |
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Architecture | |
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Music and Poetry: Romanticism in Music and Poetry | |
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Sculpture | |
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Painting in Europe | |
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William Blake | |
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Media and Technique: Watercolor | |
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Th�odore G�ricault | |
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Society and Culture: The Salon | |
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Eug�ne Delacroix | |
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Francisco de Goya y Lucientes | |
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Media and Technique: Aquatint | |
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Germany: Caspar David Friedrich | |
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Theory: The Aesthetic of the Sublime | |
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England: John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner | |
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Painting in the United States | |
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Thomas Cole | |
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Literature: American Romantic Writers | |
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Folk Art: Edward Hicks | |
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Albert Bierstadt | |
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Nineteenth-Century Realism | |
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Cultural and Political Context | |
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Philosophy: The Communist Manifesto | |
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Literature: Realism | |
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French Realism | |
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Jean-Fran�ois Millet | |
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Rosa Bonheur | |
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Gustave Courbet | |
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Honor� Daumier | |
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Media and Technique: Lithography | |
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Society and Culture: Daumier and Satire | |
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Photography | |
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France: Nadar | |
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England: Julia Margaret Cameron | |
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America: Mathew Brady | |
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American Realist Painting | |
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Thomas Eakins’s Gross Clinic | |
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Henry Ossawa Tanner | |
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French Realism in the 1860s | |
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�douard Manet’s D�jeuner sur l’Herbe | |
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Manet’s Olympia | |
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Architecture | |
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Joseph Paxton: The Crystal Palace | |
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Bridges: The Roeblings | |
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The Eiffel Tower | |
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Origins of the Skyscraper: Louis Sullivan | |
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Nineteenth-Century Impressionism | |
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Context and Style | |
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Society and Culture: Urban Renewal during the Second Empire | |
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Painting in France | |
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�douard Manet: 1880s | |
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir | |
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Edgar Degas | |
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Mary Cassatt | |
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Berthe Morisot | |
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Claude Monet | |
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Views of Paris: Renoir and Pissarro | |
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Beyond the West: Japanese Woodblock Prints | |
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French Sculpture: Auguste Rodin | |
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American Painting at the Turn of the Century | |
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Winslow Homer | |
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John Singer Sargent | |
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“Art for Art’s Sake” | |
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Whistler vs. Ruskin | |
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Post-Impressionism and the Late Nineteenth Century | |
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Post-Impressionist Painting | |
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | |
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Paul C�zanne | |
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An Apple a Day… | |
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Georges Seurat | |
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Vincent van Gogh | |
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“Dear Theo”-The Letters of Vincent van Gogh | |
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Paul Gauguin | |
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Beyond the West: Gauguin and Oceania | |
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Symbolism | |
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Society and Culture: The Symbolist Movement | |
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Gustave Moreau | |
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Edvard Munch | |
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Na�ve Painting: Henri Rousseau | |
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History: Freud on the Mechanisms of Dreaming | |
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The Early Twentieth Century: Picasso, Fauvism, Expressionism, and Matisse | |
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Culture and Context | |
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Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse | |
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Symbolism: Picasso’s Blue Period | |
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Literature: Wallace Stevens: “The Man with the Blue Guitar” | |
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Beyond the West: African Art and the European Avant-Garde | |
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Fauvism: Matisse in 1905-1906 | |
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Expressionism | |
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The Bridge (Die Br�cke) | |
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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner | |
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Emil Nolde | |
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The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) | |
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Vassily Kandinsky | |
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Franz Marc | |
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K�the Kollwitz | |
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Matisse after Fauvism | |
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Harmony in Red | |
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Dance 1 | |
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Icarus | |
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Cubism, Futurism, and Related Twentieth-Century Styles | |
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Cubism | |
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Precursors | |
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History: Gertrude Stein | |
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Analytic Cubism: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque | |
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Collage | |
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Media and Technique: Collage and Assemblage | |
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Synthetic Cubism | |
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Picasso’s Surrealism | |
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Picasso’s Guernica | |
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Other Early Twentieth-Century Developments | |
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Futurism | |
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Fernand L�ger’s The City | |
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Piet Mondrian | |
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The Armory Show | |
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Stuart Davis | |
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Aaron Douglas and the Harlem Renaissance | |
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Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism | |
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Postscript | |
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Architecture | |
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Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie Style | |
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Architecture: Cantilever | |
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The International Style | |
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Holland: De Stijl | |
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Germany: The Bauhaus | |
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France: Le Corbusier | |
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The United States | |
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Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism, Regionalism, and Abstraction | |
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Dada | |
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Marcel Duchamp | |
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Jean (Hans) Arp | |
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Surrealism | |
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Man Ray | |
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Paul Klee | |
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Salvador Dal� | |
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Joan Mir� | |
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Ren� Magritte | |
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Sculpture Derived from Surrealism | |
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Max Ernst | |
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Alberto Giacometti | |
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Henry Moore | |
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Alexander Calder | |
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The United States: Regionalism and Social Realism | |
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Grant Wood | |
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Jacob Lawrence | |
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Edward Hopper | |
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James VanDerZee | |
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Dorothea Lange | |
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Mexico | |
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Diego Rivera | |
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Frida Kahlo | |
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Toward American Abstraction | |
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Alfred Stieglitz | |
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Georgia O’Keeffe | |
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Transcendental Painting | |
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Society and Culture: American Self-Taught Painters | |
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Mid-Century American Abstraction | |
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The Teachers: Hans Hofmann and Josef Albers | |
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Abstract Expressionism | |
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The New York School | |
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Arshile Gorky | |
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Theory: The Avant-Garde | |
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Action Painting | |
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Jackson Pollock | |
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Media and Technique: Navajo Sand Painting | |
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Franz Kline | |
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Willem de Kooning | |
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Mark Rothko | |
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Color Field Painting | |
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Helen Frankenthaler | |
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Media and Technique: Acrylic | |
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Frank Stella | |
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Ellsworth Kelly | |
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West Coast Abstraction: Richard Diebenkorn | |
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Sculpture | |
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Isamu Noguchi | |
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David Smith | |
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Louise Nevelson | |
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Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, and Conceptualism | |
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Pop Art in England: Richard Hamilton | |
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Pop Art in the United States | |
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Jasper Johns | |
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Robert Rauschenberg | |
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Andy Warhol | |
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Roy Lichtenstein | |
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Tom Wesselmann | |
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Wayne Thiebaud | |
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Sculpture | |
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Op Art | |
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Minimalism | |
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Donald Judd | |
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Dan Flavin | |
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Agnes Martin | |
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Eva Hesse | |
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Conceptualism: | |
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Joseph Kosuth | |
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Sol Lewitt | |
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Action Sculpture: Joseph Beuys | |
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Continuity, Innovation, and Globalization | |
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Return to Realism | |
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Chuck Close | |
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Richard Estes | |
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Duane Hanson | |
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Ron Mueck and Constantin Brancusi | |
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Performance | |
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Gilbert and George | |
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Laurie Anderson | |
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Architecture | |
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The Geodesic Dome: R. Buckminster Fuller | |
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Post-Modern Architecture | |
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Environmental Art | |
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Robert Smithson | |
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Andy Goldsworthy | |
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Christo and Jeanne-Claude | |
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Urban Environment | |
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Society and Culture: Government Funding and Censorship | |
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Installations | |
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Feminist Art | |
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Judy Chicago | |
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Kiki Smith | |
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Elizabeth Murray | |
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Race and Gender | |
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Bob Thompson | |
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Romare Bearden | |
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Kara Walker | |
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Yasumasa Morimura | |
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Plus �a change… | |
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Susan Rothenberg | |
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Anselm Kiefer | |
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Maya Ying Lin | |
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Nancy Graves | |
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Bruce Nauman and Marcel Duchamp | |
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Cindy Sherman | |
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Video Art | |