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Introduction | |
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The Phylum Chordata: The Big Four | |
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The Craniate Body: General Plan | |
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Craniate Characteristics | |
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Vertebrate Characteristics | |
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Structures Common to Craniates | |
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Other Vertebrate Characteristics | |
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Concepts, Premises, and Pioneers | |
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Pattern and Process | |
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Adaptation | |
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Speciation | |
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Evolutionary Convergence | |
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Development | |
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Metamorphosis and Heterochrony | |
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Systematics and Taxonomy | |
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Organic Evolution and Evolutionary Selection | |
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Anatomy From Galen to Darwin | |
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Words to Ponder | |
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Protochordates and the Origin of Craniates | |
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Protochordates | |
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The Origin of Craniates | |
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The Ammocoete: A Vertebrate Larva | |
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Heterochrony and the Relationship Between Amphioxus and Vertebrates | |
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Parade of the Craniates in Time and Taxa | |
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Craniate Taxa | |
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Agnatha | |
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Gnathostomes: Placoderms | |
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Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes) | |
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Acanthodians and Osteichthyans (Spiny Fishes and Bony Fishes) | |
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Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes) | |
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Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes) | |
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Amphibia | |
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Amniotes (Reptiles and Synapsids) | |
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Reptilia (Sauropsida) | |
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Synapsids | |
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Variation Among Individuals | |
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Early Craniate Morphogenesis | |
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Craniate Eggs | |
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Early Development of Representative Chordates | |
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Fate of the Ectoderm | |
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Fate of the Endoderm | |
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Fate of the Mesoderm | |
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Significance of the Germ Layers | |
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Extraembryonic Membranes | |
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Integument | |
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Preview: Skin of the Eft | |
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The Epidermis | |
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The Dermis | |
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The Integument From Fishes to Mammals | |
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Some Roles of the Integument | |
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Mineralized Tissues: An Introduction to the Skeleton | |
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Bone | |
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Cartilage | |
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Skeletal Remodeling | |
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Tendons, Ligaments, and Joints | |
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Mineralized Tissues and the Invertebrates | |
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Regional Components of the Skeleton | |
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Heterotopic Bones | |
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Vertebrae, Ribs, and Sterna | |
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Vertebral Column | |
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Ribs | |
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Tetrapod Sternum | |
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Skull and Visceral Skeleton | |
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Neurocranium | |
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Generalized Dermatocramium | |
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Neurocranial-Dermatocranial Complex of Bony Fishes | |
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Neurocranial-Dermatocranial Complex of Modern Tetrapods | |
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Visceral Skeleton | |
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Perspective | |
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Girdles, Fins, Limbs, and Locomotion | |
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Pectoral Girdles | |
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Pelvic Girdles | |
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Fins | |
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Tetrapod Limbs | |
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Muscles | |
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Muscle Tissues and Major Categories of Muscles | |
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Introduction to Skeletal Muscles | |
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Axial Muscles | |
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Appendicular Muscles | |
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Somitomeric nad Somitic Muscles of the Head | |
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Integumentary Muscles | |
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Electric Organs | |
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Digestive System | |
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Procuring Food | |
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The Digestive Tract: An Overview | |
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Mouth and Oral Cavity | |
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Pharynx | |
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Morphology of the Gut Wall | |
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Esophagus | |
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Stomach | |
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Intestine | |
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Liver and Gallbladder | |
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Exocrine Pancreas | |
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Cloaca | |
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Respiratory System | |
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Principles of Diffusion | |
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Gills | |
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Nares and Nasal Canals | |
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Swim Bladders and the Origin of Lungs | |
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Lungs and Their Ducts | |
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Circulatory System | |
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Development | |
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Blood | |
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The Heart and Its Evolution | |
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Arterial Channels and Their Modifications | |
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Venous Channels and Their Modifications | |
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Circulation in the Mammalian Fetus, and Changes at Birth | |
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Systematic Summary of Respiration and Circulation | |
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Lymphatic System | |
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Urogential System | |
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Kidneys and Their Ducts | |
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Urinary Bladders | |
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Genital Organs | |
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Cloaca | |
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Nervous System | |
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Neuron | |
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Growth and Differentiation of the Nervous System | |
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Neuroglia and Neurilemma | |
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Spinal Cord | |
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Spinal Nerves | |
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Brain | |
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Cranial Nerves | |
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Autonomic Nervous System | |
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Segmentation of the Craniate Head | |
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Sense Organs | |
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Special Somatic Receptors | |
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Special Chemoreceptors | |
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General Somatic Receptors | |
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General Visceral Receptors | |
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Endocrine Organs | |
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Endocrine Role of the Nervous System | |
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Endocrine Organs Derived From Ectoderm | |
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Endocrine Organs Derived from Mesoderm | |
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Endocrine Organs Derived from Endoderm | |
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Hormonal Control of Biological Rhythms | |
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Appendix | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |