| The Ancient World | |
| Did Homo Sapiens Originate in Africa? | |
| Yes: from African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity | |
| No, from Race and Human Evolution Science researcher | |
| Christopher Stringer and science writer Robin McKie state that modern humans first developed in Africa and then spread to other parts of the world | |
| Paleoanthropologists | |
| counter that modern humans developed simultaneously in different parts of the world | |
| Was Egyptian Civilization African? | |
| Yes, from Recasting Ancient Egypt in the African Context: Toward a Model Curriculum Using Art and Language | |
| No, from "Ancient Egyptians and the Issue of Race," in | |
| Black Athena Revisited Clinton Crawford, an assistant professor who specializes in African arts and languages as communications systems, asserts that evidence from the fields of anthropology, history, linguistics, and archaeology prove that the ancient Egyptians and the culture they produced were of black African origin | |
| Assistant professor of archaeology | |
| Does Alexander the Great Merit His Exalted Historical Reputation? | |
| Yes, from The Genius of Alexander the Great | |
| No, from Alexander the Great Professor emeritus of Greek | |
| states that research has proven that Alexander the Great is deserving of his esteemed historical reputation | |
| Senior research fellow and lecturer E. E. Rice maintains that, other than his conquests, Alexander the Great left few tangible legacies to merit his exalted historical reputation | |
| Did Christianity Liberate Women? | |
| Yes from When Women Were Priests | |
| No from The Gospel According to Woman: Christianity's Creation of the Sex War in the West | |
| Professor of religion and associate of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Karen Jo Torjesen, presents evidence of women deacons, priests, prophets, and bishops during the first millennium of Christianity--all roles that suggest both equality and liberation for women | |
| Professor of religious studies Karen Armstrong finds in the early Christian Church examples of hostility toward women and fear of their sexual power which she contends led to the exclusion of women from full participation in a male-dominated church | |
| The Medieval World | |
| Did Same-Sex Unions Exist in Medieval Europe? | |
| Yes, from Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe | |
| No, from "Same-Sex Unions: What Boswell Didn't Find," | |
| The Christian Century Yale University history professor John Boswell states that same-sex unions, which date back to pagan times, existed in medieval Europe until they were gradually done away with by the Christian Church | |
| Reviewer Philip Lyndon Reynolds, while admitting that "brotherhood" ceremonies took place in medieval Europe, asserts that these ceremonies did not have the same authority as sacred unions and therefore cannot be equated with marriage rites | |
| Does the Modern University Have Its Roots in the Islamic World? | |
| Yes, from History of Islamic Origins of Western Education a.d. 800-1350 | |
| No, from The Rise of Universities Professor of history and philosophy of education Mehdi Nakosteen traces the roots of the modern university to the golden age of Islamic culture (750-1150 c.e.) | |
| He maintains that Muslim scholars assimilated the best of classical scholarship and developed the experimental method and the university system, which they passed on to the West before declining | |
| The late hist | |
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