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Introduction | |
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Introduction to Forensic Science | |
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What Is Forensic Science? | |
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Science in the Service of the Law | |
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Value of Forensic Science | |
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Corpus Delicti-Elements of a Crime | |
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Support or Disprove Statements by Witnesses, Victims, or Suspects | |
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Identify Substances or Materials | |
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Identify Persons | |
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Provide Investigative Leads | |
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Establish Linkages or Exclusions | |
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A Brief History of Forensic Science | |
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Development of Forensic Science Laboratories and Professional Organizations | |
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Nature of Science and the Scientific Method | |
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Careful Observation | |
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Make Logical Suppositions to Explain the Observations | |
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Hypothesis Testing-Controlled Experiments | |
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Refining the Hypothesis-Theories and Natural Laws | |
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The Scientific Method and Its Applicability to Forensic Science and to Investigation | |
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Forensic Science Specialties | |
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Forensic Pathology | |
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Forensic Entomology | |
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Forensic Odontology | |
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Forensic Anthropology | |
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Forensic Toxicology | |
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Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology | |
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Forensic Engineering | |
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Forensic Computer Science | |
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Forensic/Investigative Technologies | |
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Criminalistics | |
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Elements of Forensic Evidence Analysis-The Types of Results Forensic Scientists Produce | |
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Evidence Recognition | |
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Classification (Identification) | |
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Individualization | |
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Reconstruction | |
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Physical Evidence and the Legal System | |
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How Physical Evidence Is Produced | |
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Changes Induced at a Scene | |
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Imprints or Indentations | |
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Striations | |
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Damage | |
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Exchange of Material upon Contact | |
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Deposits | |
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Classification of Physical Evidence | |
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Utilization of Physical Evidence | |
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Provide Investigative Leads-Helping Develop MO and Leads from Databases | |
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Establish Linkages or Exclusions | |
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Corroboration-Credibility-Supporting or Disproving Statements | |
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Identification of Persons | |
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Identification of Substances or Materials | |
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Establishing a Basis for a Crime and Criminal Prosecution-Corpus Delicti | |
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The Physical Evidence Process | |
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Recognition-Most Critical and Requires a Trained Observer | |
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Documentation and Marking for Identification | |
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Collection, Packaging, and Preservation | |
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Laboratory Analysis | |
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Reporting and Testimony | |
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Origin of Legal Systems | |
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The Criminal Justice System and Process | |
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Scientific and Technical Evidence Admissibility and the Expert Witness | |
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Crime Scene Procedures, Techniques, and Analysis | |
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Crime Scene Processing and Analysis | |
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Processing versus Analysis | |
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Types of Scenes | |
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Initial Actions and Scene Security | |
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Steps in Scene Processing and Analysis | |
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Scene Survey and Evidence Recognition | |
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Scene Searches | |
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Documentation | |
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Evidence Collection and Preservation | |
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Release of the Scene | |
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Scene Survey and Evidence Recognition | |
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Scene Searches | |
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Documentation | |
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Notes | |
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Sketches | |
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Photography | |
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Video Recording | |
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Duty to Preserve | |
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Evidence Collection and Preservation | |
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Collection Methods | |
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Numbering and Evidence Description Methods | |
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Packaging Options | |
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Proper Controls and Comparison Standards | |
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Laboratory Submission | |
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Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstructions | |
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Laboratory Analysis and Comparisons of Evidence | |
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Medical Examiner's Reports in Death Cases | |
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Reconstruction: Putting It All Together | |
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Reconstruction versus Reenactment | |
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Digital Evidence and Forensic Computer Science | |
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Examination and Interpretation of Patterns for Reconstruction | |
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Pattern Evidence: Reconstruction Patterns and Individualization Patterns | |
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Most Reconstruction Patterns Are Crime Scene Patterns | |
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Importance of Documentation of Reconstruction Patterns | |
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Blood Spatter Patterns | |
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Basis of Blood Pattern Interpretation | |
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Velocity and Impact Angle | |
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Various Blood Spatter Patterns | |
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Factors Affecting Blood Patterns and Their Interpretation | |
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Glass Fracture Patterns | |
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Determining the Side of the Glass Where Force Was Applied | |
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Determining the Order of Gunshots Fired Through Glass | |
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Track and Trail Patterns | |
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Tire and Skid Mark Patterns | |
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Clothing and Article or Object Patterns | |
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Gunshot Residue Patterns | |
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Projectile Trajectory Patterns | |
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Fire Burn Patterns | |
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Modus Operandi Patterns and Profiling | |
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Wound, Injury, and Damage Patterns | |
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Physical Pattern Evidence and Technological Examinations | |
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Examination of Physical Pattern Evidence | |
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Classification/Types of Physical Patterns for Comparison | |
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Physical Matches | |
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Impression and Striation Mark | |
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Shape and Form | |
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General Principles in Physical Pattern Comparisons | |
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The Process of Identification | |
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Physical Matching | |
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Exclusions, Inconclusives, and Insufficient Detail | |
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Physical Pattern Comparisons and the Daubert Criteria | |
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Impression and Striation Mark Comparisons | |
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Impressions: Imprints and Indentations | |
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Striations | |
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Collection and Preservation of Impressions | |
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Footwear, Tire, and Other Impressions | |
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Clarification and Contrast Improvement Techniques | |
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Weapon, Tool, and Object Marks | |
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Shape and Form Comparisons | |
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Other Patterns | |
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Concluding Comments | |
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Fingerprints and Other Personal Identification Patterns | |
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Fingerprints-An Old and Traditionally Valuable Type of Evidence | |
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About Fingerprints-Their Nature and the History and Development of Their Use | |
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Nature of Fingerprints | |
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History and Development of the Use of Fingerprints | |
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Fingerprint Classification, Management of Large Files, AFISs | |
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Classification and Large Files | |
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Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFISs) | |
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Collection and Preservation of Fingerprint Evidence | |
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Latent Prints and Their Development | |
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Types of Evidentiary Fingerprints | |
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Development of Latent Fingerprints | |
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Fingerprint Comparison and Identification | |
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The Fingerprint Identification Profession | |
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Other Patterns for Person Identification | |
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Palm and Sole Prints | |
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Bite Marks | |
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Skeletal Features | |
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Lip and Ear Prints | |
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Voice Identification | |
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Biometrics | |
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Identification of Human Remains-Handling of Mass Disasters | |
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Questioned Document Examination | |
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Types of Document Evidence | |
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Development of Handwriting | |
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Writing Process | |
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Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Document Evidence | |
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Handwriting Comparison | |
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Class and Individual Characteristics | |
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Importance of Known Standards | |
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Writing Mechanics | |
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Handprinting | |
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Legal Status of Underlying Science | |
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Nonhandwriting Document Examinations | |
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Typewriter and Printer Comparisons | |
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Copying Machines | |
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Reconstruction of Document Events | |
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Alterations and Erasures | |
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Charred Documents and Indented Writing | |
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Age Determination | |
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Toolmarks and Firearms | |
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Toolmark-Definition | |
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Class and Individual Characteristics | |
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Residue from Softer Object on Tool | |
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Types of Toolmarks | |
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Collection of Toolmarks | |
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Examination and Comparison of Toolmarks | |
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Firearms Examination-Background | |
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Firearms Function-the Firing Train | |
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Types of Firearms | |
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Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence | |
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Firearms Evidence Examination and Comparison | |
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Physical Examination of Firearm for Safety and Physical Condition | |
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Test for Functionality and to Obtain Control Bullets and Cases | |
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Bullet and Cartridge or Shotshell Case Comparisons-the Comparison Microscope | |
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Association of Cartridges or Bullets to Firearm or Maker Using Databases | |
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Comparison of Badly Damaged Projectiles or Cases | |
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Use of Firearms Evidence for Reconstruction | |
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Recovered Firearm and Fired Evidence in Reconstruction | |
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Muzzle to Target Distance-Powder Pattern | |
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GSR on Hands-Dermal Nitrate, Lift, Swab, Tape | |
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Serial Number Restoration | |
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Serial Number Obliteration Methods-Defacing | |
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Recovery of Serial Number-Clean, Smooth, Etch | |
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The Firearms and Toolmark Examiner Profession | |
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Biological Evidence | |
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Blood and Physiological Fluid Evidence: Evaluation and Initial Examination | |
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How Biological Evidence Analysis Has Changed Because of DNA Typing | |
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Nature of Blood | |
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Collection, Preservation, and Packaging of Biological (Including Blood) Evidence | |
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Blood or Buccal Swab from Known Person | |
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Biological Evidence from Scenes | |
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Test Controls, Substratum Comparison Specimens, and Contamination Issues | |
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Know (Exemplar or Reference) Controls | |
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Alibi (Alternative) Known Control | |
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Blank Control | |
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Substratum Comparison Specimens | |
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Initial Examination of and for Biological Evidence | |
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Forensic Identification of Blood | |
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Preliminary or Presumptive Tests for Blood | |
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Confirmatory Tests for Blood | |
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Species Determination | |
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Forensic Identification of Body Fluids | |
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Identification of Semen | |
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Identification of Vaginal "Secretions," Saliva, and Urine | |
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Forensic Investigation of Sexual Assault Cases | |
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Coordination of Effort-SANEs and SARTs | |
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Initial Investigation | |
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The Forensic Scientist's Role | |
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Medical Examination | |
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Evidence Collection and Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits | |
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Types of Sexual Assault Cases and Their Investigation | |
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Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault-"Date-Rape" Drugs | |
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Blood and Body Fluid Individuality: Traditional (pre-DNA) Approaches | |
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The Classical or Conventional (pre-DNA) Genetic Markers | |
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How Does Typing Genetic Markers Help "Individualize" a Biological Specimen? | |
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DNA Analysis and Typing | |
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Genetics, Inheritance, Genetic Markers | |
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DNA-Nature and Functions | |
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Where DNA Is Found in the Body-Nuclear (Genomic) and Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) | |
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Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Typing | |
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Development and Methods of DNA Analysis | |
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Isolation (Extraction) of DNA | |
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The Beginning-RFLP | |
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The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-The First PCR-Based DNA Typing Methods | |
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Current DNA Typing Methods-Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) | |
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The Power of DNA to Individualize Biological Evidence | |
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Databasing and CODIS | |
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Applications of Forensic DNA Typing | |
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Newer DNA Technologies | |
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Strengths, Limitations, Promise, Hype | |
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Chemical and Materials Evidence | |
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Arson and Explosives | |
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Fire and Arson | |
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The Combustion Reaction-Flaming Combustion and Glowing Combustion | |
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Necessary Components for Combustion-Fuel, Oxygen, and Ignition | |
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Nature of Fuels-Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid | |
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Characteristics of Fuels-Measures of Combustibility | |
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Investigating Suspicious Fires-Arsonists' Motives | |
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Economic Motives | |
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Revenge, Vandalism, Intimidation, and Other Motives | |
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Investigation of Fire Scenes | |
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Burn Patterns | |
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Search for Point or Points of Origin | |
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Search for Causes | |
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Recovery of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Suspicious Fire Scenes | |
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Reasons for Finding Accelerant Residues | |
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Search for Places to Collect Debris-Sniffers and Arson Dogs | |
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Collection of Debris Samples and Proper Packaging | |
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Collection of Samples Other Than Debris | |
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Collection of Other Physical Evidence | |
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Laboratory Analysis of Debris and Other Samples-Recovery of Ignitable Liquid Residues | |
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Preparation of Liquid Samples | |
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Four Primary Techniques for Preparation of Debris Samples | |
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Laboratory Examination of Prepared Samples | |
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Examination of Criminalistics Evidence Collected | |
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Explosives and Explosion Incidents | |
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Characteristics of Explosives and Explosions | |
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Exothermic | |
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Molecular Fragmentation to Produce Gaseous Products | |
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Rapid Expansion | |
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Containment | |
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The Three Major Classes of Explosives | |
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Low Explosives | |
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Primary High Explosives | |
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Secondary High Explosives | |
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The Explosive Train or Device | |
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The Role of the Scene Investigator | |
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Laboratory Analysis of Explosives and Explosive Residues | |
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Examination of the Unexploded Device | |
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Examination of the Exploded Device and Associated Debris | |
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Examination of the Device or Debris for Other Physical Evidence | |
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Drugs and Drug Analysis and Forensic Toxicology | |
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Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse | |
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Working Definition of a Drug | |
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Nature of Drug Dependence | |
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Drugs and Society-Controlled Substances | |
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Major Classes of Abused Drugs | |
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Opiates or Narcotic Drugs | |
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Stimulants | |
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Hallucinogens | |
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Depressants, Hypnotics, and Tranquilizers | |
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Club Drugs | |
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Athletic Performance Enhancers | |
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Controlled Substance Laws | |
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Analysis of Controlled Substances in the Forensic Laboratory | |
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Screening Tests | |
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Isolation and Separation | |
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Microcrystal Tests | |
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Chromatography (Separations) | |
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Spectroscopy/Spectrometry | |
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Qualitative versus Quantitative Analysis | |
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Forensic Toxicology-Antimortem and Postmortem | |
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Forensic Toxicology on Samples from the Living | |
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Postmortem Toxicology | |
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Classes of Poisons | |
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Alcohol and Drugs and Driving | |
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Driving While Impaired by Alcohol | |
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Other Drugs and Driving | |
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Materials Evidence | |
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Introduction to Materials Evidence | |
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Transfer Materials Evidence Is Used to Establish or Disprove Connections | |
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Materials Evidence Can Be Transferred or Deposited | |
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Clothing and Vehicles Are the Most Common Sources of Materials Evidence | |
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Collection Methods for Materials Evidence | |
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Collection Without Sampling | |
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Use of Forceps-Always the First Approach in the Lab | |
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Mechanical Dislocation-Shaking or Scraping of Surface Material | |
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Tape Lifts-Sticky but Not Too Sticky | |
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Laboratory Examination of Trace and Transfer Evidence | |
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Initial Physical Examination-Stereomicroscope, Hand Lens Microscopy | |
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Instrumental Comparison and Identification-Micro FTIR and SEM/EDX | |
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Materials Evidence Comparisons-Individualization, Inclusion, and Exclusion | |
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Some Common Types of Materials Evidence | |
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Fibers | |
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Biological Materials | |
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Wood and Paper | |
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Building Materials | |
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Metallic Residues | |
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Paint and Other Coatings | |
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Cosmetics and Beauty Products | |
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Soil and Dust | |
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Discussion of Major Categories of Materials Evidence | |
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Fibers | |
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Human and Animal Hair | |
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Paint | |
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Glass | |
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Soil | |
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Appendix | |
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Glossary | |
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Photo Credits | |
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Index | |