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| Preface | |
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| About Art Criticism | |
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| Defining Criticism | |
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| Sources of Criticism | |
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| Kinds of Criticism | |
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| The Backgrounds of Critics | |
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| Stances Toward Criticism | |
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| Relations Between Critics and Artists | |
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| Criticizing Criticism | |
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| The Value of Criticism | |
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| Describing Photographs: What Do I See? | |
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| Defining Description | |
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| Describing an Exhibition: Avedon's "In the American West" | |
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| Describing Subject Matter | |
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| Describing Form | |
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| Describing Medium | |
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| Describing Style | |
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| Comparing and Contrasting | |
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| Internal and External Sources of Information | |
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| Description and Interpretation | |
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| Description and Evaluation | |
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| The Importance of Description to Readers | |
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| Principles for Describing Photographs | |
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| Interpreting Photographs: What Does It Mean? | |
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| An Exemplary Interpretation | |
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| About Interpretation | |
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| Defining Interpretation | |
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| The Objects of Interpretations | |
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| Interpretive Claims and Arguments | |
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| Interpretive Perspectives | |
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| Three Interpretations of Eleanor | |
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| Other Interpretive Strategies | |
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| Combinations of Interpretive Approaches | |
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| "Right" Interpretations | |
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| Interpretations and the Artist's Intent | |
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| Interpretations and Feelings | |
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| Interpretation, Meaning, and Personal Significance | |
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| The Community of Interpreters | |
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| Types of Photographs | |
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| Categories of Photographs | |
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| New Categories | |
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| Descriptive Photographs | |
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| Explanatory Photographs | |
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| Interpretive Photographs | |
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| Ethically Evaluative Photographs | |
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| Aesthetically Evaluative Photographs | |
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| Theoretical Photographs | |
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| Photographs and Contexts | |
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| Internal Context | |
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| Original Context | |
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| External Context | |
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| External Contexts and Connotations | |
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| Interpreting Barbara Kruger's Untitled ("Surveillance"), with Contextual Information | |
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| "Surveillance" and Internal Context | |
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| "Surveillance" and Original Context | |
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| "Surveillance" and External Context | |
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| Barbara Kruger's Untitled ("Surveillance"), and the Categories | |
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| Descriptive Photographs | |
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| Explanatory Photographs | |
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| Interpretive Photographs | |
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| Ethically Evaluative Photographs | |
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| Aesthetically Evaluative Photographs | |
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| Theoretical Photographs | |
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| The Interpretive Process: A Summary | |
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| Judging Photographs: Is It Good? | |
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| Examples of Judgmental Statements | |
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| Positive Judgments | |
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| Negative Judgments | |
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| Implied Judgments | |
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| Opposing Judgments | |
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| Comparative Judgments | |
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| Judgments and Reasons | |
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| Judgments and Criteria | |
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| Different Criteria | |
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| Realism | |
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| Expressionism | |
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| Formalism | |
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| Instrumentalism | |
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| Other Criteria | |
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| Choosing Among Criteria | |
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| Differing Judgments | |
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| Judgments Are Arguments | |
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| Reappraisals | |
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| Judgments and Preferences | |
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| Intentionalism and Judgments | |
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| The Objects of Judgments | |
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| Judgments of Robert Mapplethorpe's Photographs | |
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| Hilton Kramer's and Grace Glueck's Views of Mapplethorpe's Work | |
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| Other Critics' Views of Mapplethorpe's Work | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Principles for Judging Photographs | |
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| Photography Theory: Is It Art? Is It True? Is It Moral? | |
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| Photography Theory and Practice | |
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| Ontological Concerns: What Is a Photograph? | |
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| Digital Images and Ontology | |
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| Epistemological Concerns: Are Photographs True? | |
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| Realist Theory | |
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| Conventionalist Theory | |
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| Photographic Truth | |
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| Aesthetic Concerns: Is Photography Art? | |
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| Modernism and Postmodernism | |
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| Digital Images and Aesthetic Concerns | |
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| Ethical Concerns: Are Photographs Moral? | |
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| Marxist Theory and Ethical Photography | |
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| Feminist Theory and Ethical Photography | |
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| Multicultural Theory and Ethical Photography | |
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| Queer Theory and Ethical Photography | |
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| Postcolonial Theory and Ethical Photography | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Writing and Talking About Photographs | |
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| Writing About Photographs | |
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| Observing and Taking Notes | |
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| Quick-Writes and Careful-Writes | |
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| Students' Interpretive Writings | |
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| Building Visual Interpretations | |
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| Making Personal Meaning | |
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| Judging Photographs | |
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| Writing Criteria Statements | |
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| Three Student Views of Immediate Family by Sally Mann | |
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| Metacritical Writing | |
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| Writing Artists' Statements | |
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| Processes of Writing | |
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| Talking About Photographs | |
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| Studio Critiques | |
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| Kinds of Critiques | |
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| Conducting Successful Critiques | |
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| Principles for Effective Critiques | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |