Preface | p. x |
Introducing Social Psychology | p. 3 |
Social Psychology and Related Disciplines | p. 6 |
Social Psychology and Sociology | p. 6 |
Social Psychology and Personality Psychology | p. 6 |
Social Psychology and Biology | p. 7 |
Levels of Explanation | p. 7 |
Social Psychology and Human Values | p. 8 |
Obvious Ways in Which Values Enter Psychology | p. 9 |
Not-So-Obvious Ways in Which Values Enter Psychology | p. 9 |
I Knew It All Along: Is Social Psychology Simply Common Sense? | p. 13 |
How We Do Social Psychology | p. 17 |
Forming and Testing Hypotheses | p. 17 |
Correlational Research: Detecting Natural Associations | p. 19 |
Experimental Research: Searching for Cause and Effect | p. 25 |
Generalizing from Laboratory to Life | p. 31 |
Personal Postscript: Why I Wrote This Book | p. 32 |
Social Thinking | |
The Self in a Social World | p. 37 |
Self-Concept: Who Am I? | p. 38 |
At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of Self | p. 39 |
Development of the Social Self | p. 41 |
Self and Culture | p. 43 |
Self-Knowledge | p. 46 |
Perceived Self-Control | p. 53 |
Self-Efficacy | p. 54 |
Locus of Control | p. 54 |
Learned Helplessness Versus Self-Determination | p. 55 |
Self-Serving Bias | p. 58 |
Explaining Positive and Negative Events | p. 58 |
Can We All Be Better than Average? | p. 61 |
Unrealistic Optimism | p. 62 |
False Consensus and Uniqueness | p. 64 |
Other Self-Serving Tendencies | p. 64 |
Self-Esteem Motivation | p. 66 |
The Dark Side of Self-Esteem | p. 68 |
Reflections on Self-Efficacy and Self-Serving Bias | p. 69 |
Self-Presentation | p. 73 |
False Modesty | p. 73 |
Self-Handicapping | p. 74 |
Impression Management | p. 75 |
Personal Postscript: Twin Truths--The Perils of Pride, the Power of Positive Thinking | p. 77 |
Social Beliefs and Judgments | p. 79 |
Explaining Others | p. 80 |
Attributing Causality: To the Person or the Situation | p. 80 |
The Fundamental Attribution Error | p. 84 |
Why Do We Make the Attribution Error? | p. 88 |
How Fundamental Is the Fundamental Attribution Error? | p. 91 |
Why We Study Attribution Errors | p. 93 |
Constructing Interpretations and Memories | p. 94 |
Perceiving and Interpreting Events | p. 94 |
Belief Perseverance | p. 97 |
Constructing Memories | p. 99 |
Judging Others | p. 103 |
Thinking Without Awareness | p. 104 |
Judgmental Overconfidence | p. 106 |
Heuristics | p. 110 |
Illusory Thinking | p. 113 |
Mood and Judgment | p. 116 |
Self-Fulfilling Beliefs | p. 118 |
Teacher Expectations and Student Performance | p. 118 |
Getting from Others What We Expect | p. 120 |
Conclusions | p. 123 |
Personal Postscript: Reflecting on Intuition's Powers and Limits | p. 126 |
Behavior and Attitudes | p. 129 |
Do Attitudes Determine Behavior? | p. 131 |
Are We All Hypocrites? | p. 131 |
When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior? | p. 132 |
Does Behavior Determine Attitudes? | p. 136 |
Role Playing | p. 137 |
Saying Becomes Believing | p. 139 |
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | p. 140 |
Evil Acts and Attitudes | p. 142 |
Interracial Behavior and Racial Attitudes | p. 144 |
Social Movements | p. 145 |
Why Do Actions Affect Attitudes? | p. 147 |
Self-Presentation: Impression Management | p. 147 |
Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance | p. 148 |
Self-Perception | p. 152 |
Comparing the Theories | p. 157 |
Personal Postscript: Changing Ourselves Through Action | p. 162 |
Social Influence | |
Genes, Culture, and Gender | p. 167 |
Human Nature and Cultural Diversity | p. 168 |
Evolution and Behavior | p. 168 |
Culture and Behavior | p. 169 |
Social Roles | p. 175 |
Gender Similarities and Differences | p. 178 |
Independence Versus Connectedness | p. 179 |
Social Dominance | p. 182 |
Aggression | p. 184 |
Sexuality | p. 184 |
Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Naturally? | p. 186 |
Gender and Mating Preferences | p. 186 |
Gender and Hormones | p. 189 |
Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology | p. 190 |
Culture and Gender | p. 192 |
Gender Roles Vary with Culture | p. 193 |
Gender Roles Vary Over Time | p. 194 |
Peer-Transmitted Culture | p. 195 |
Conclusions | p. 197 |
Biology and Culture | p. 197 |
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology | p. 199 |
Personal Postscript: Should We View Ourselves as Products or Architects of Our Social Worlds? | p. 200 |
Conformity | p. 203 |
Classic Studies | p. 205 |
Sherif's Studies of Norm Formation | p. 205 |
Asch's Studies of Group Pressure | p. 209 |
Milgram's Obedience Experiments | p. 211 |
What Breeds Obedience? | p. 214 |
Reflections on the Classic Studies | p. 217 |
When Do People Conform? | p. 223 |
Group Size | p. 224 |
Unanimity | p. 224 |
Cohesion | p. 225 |
Status | p. 226 |
Public Response | p. 227 |
No Prior Commitment | p. 227 |
Why Conform? | p. 229 |
Who Conforms? | p. 231 |
Personality | p. 231 |
Culture | p. 233 |
Resisting Social Pressure | p. 234 |
Reactance | p. 234 |
Asserting Uniqueness | p. 236 |
Personal Postscript: On Being an Individual Within Community | p. 238 |
Persuasion | p. 241 |
The Paths to Persuasion | p. 243 |
The Elements of Persuasion | p. 247 |
Who Says? The Communicator | p. 247 |
What Is Said? The Message Content | p. 251 |
How Is It Said? The Channel of Communication | p. 258 |
To Whom Is It Said? The Audience | p. 262 |
Case Studies in Persuasion: Cult Indoctrination | p. 268 |
Attitudes Follow Behavior | p. 269 |
Persuasive Elements | p. 270 |
Group Effects | p. 272 |
Resisting Persuasion: Attitude Inoculation | p. 274 |
Strengthening Personal Commitment | p. 274 |
Case Studies: Large-Scale Inoculation Programs | p. 275 |
Implications | p. 278 |
Personal Postscript: Being Open but not Naive | p. 278 |
Group Influence | p. 281 |
What Is a Group? | p. 282 |
Social Facilitation | p. 282 |
The Presence of Others | p. 282 |
Crowding: The Presence of Many Others | p. 285 |
Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others? | p. 287 |
Social Loafing | p. 289 |
Many Hands Make Light Work | p. 290 |
Social Loafing in Everyday Life | p. 292 |
Deindividuation | p. 294 |
Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone | p. 295 |
Diminished Self-Awareness | p. 299 |
Group Polarization | p. 300 |
The Case of the "Risky Shift" | p. 300 |
Do Groups Intensify Opinions? | p. 302 |
Explaining Polarization | p. 304 |
Groupthink | p. 308 |
Symptoms of Groupthink | p. 309 |
Critiquing Groupthink | p. 311 |
Preventing Groupthink | p. 314 |
Groupthink and Group Influence | p. 315 |
Minority Influence | p. 317 |
Consistency | p. 318 |
Self-Confidence | p. 319 |
Defections from the Majority | p. 319 |
Is Leadership Minority Influence? | p. 320 |
Personal Postscript: Are Groups Bad for Us? | p. 322 |
Social Relations | |
Prejudice: Disliking Others | p. 327 |
The Nature and Power of Prejudice | p. 328 |
What Is Prejudice? | p. 328 |
How Pervasive Is Prejudice? | p. 330 |
Social Sources of Prejudice | p. 341 |
Social Inequalities | p. 341 |
Social Identity | p. 346 |
Conformity | p. 350 |
Institutional Supports | p. 350 |
Emotional Sources of Prejudice | p. 352 |
Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory | p. 352 |
Personality Dynamics | p. 354 |
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice | p. 356 |
Categorization | p. 357 |
Distinctiveness | p. 359 |
Attribution: Is It a Just World? | p. 364 |
Cognitive Consequences of Stereotypes | p. 367 |
Personal Postscript: Can We Reduce Prejudice? | p. 372 |
Aggression: Hurting Others | p. 375 |
What Is Aggression? | p. 377 |
Theories of Aggression | p. 378 |
Is Aggression Biological? | p. 378 |
Is Aggression a Response to Frustration? | p. 382 |
Is Aggression Learned Social Behavior? | p. 385 |
Influences on Aggression | p. 390 |
Aversive Incidents | p. 390 |
Arousal | p. 394 |
Aggression Cues | p. 395 |
Media Influences: Pornography and Sexual Violence | p. 396 |
Media Influences: Television | p. 401 |
Group Influences | p. 409 |
Reducing Aggression | p. 413 |
Catharsis? | p. 413 |
A Social Learning Approach | p. 414 |
Personal Postscript: Reforming a Violent Culture | p. 416 |
Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others | p. 419 |
Friendships | p. 421 |
Proximity | p. 421 |
Physical Attractiveness | p. 426 |
Similarity Versus Complementarity | p. 436 |
Liking Those Who Like Us | p. 440 |
Relationship Rewards | p. 444 |
Love | p. 447 |
Passionate Love | p. 447 |
Companionate Love | p. 450 |
Maintaining Close Relationships | p. 453 |
Attachment | p. 453 |
Equity | p. 455 |
Self-Disclosure | p. 457 |
Ending Relationships | p. 462 |
Who Divorces? | p. 463 |
The Detachment Process | p. 464 |
Personal Postscript: Making Love | p. 466 |
Altruism: Helping Others | p. 469 |
Why Do We Help? | p. 470 |
Social Exchange | p. 471 |
Social Norms | p. 476 |
Evolutionary Psychology | p. 478 |
Comparing and Evaluating Theories of Altruism | p. 480 |
When Will We Help? | p. 481 |
Situational Influences: Number of Bystanders | p. 483 |
Situational Influences: Helping When Someone Else Does | p. 489 |
Situational Influences: Time Pressures | p. 491 |
Personal Influences: Feelings | p. 491 |
Personal Influences: Personality Traits | p. 496 |
Personal Influences: Religiosity | p. 497 |
Whom Do We Help? | p. 499 |
Gender | p. 499 |
Similarity | p. 500 |
How Can We Increase Helping? | p. 502 |
Undoing the Restraints on Helping | p. 502 |
Socializing Altruism | p. 505 |
Personal Postscript: Taking Social Psychology into Life | p. 509 |
Conflict and Peacemaking | p. 511 |
Conflict | p. 512 |
Social Dilemmas | p. 512 |
Competition | p. 520 |
Perceived Injustice | p. 522 |
Misperception | p. 524 |
Peacemaking | p. 531 |
Contact | p. 531 |
Cooperation | p. 533 |
Communication | p. 543 |
Conciliation | p. 549 |
Personal Postscript: Communitarianism | p. 552 |
Modules: Social Psychology Applied | |
Social Psychology in the Clinic | p. 557 |
Making Clinical Judgments | p. 558 |
Illusory Correlations | p. 558 |
Hindsight and Overconfidence | p. 559 |
Self-Confirming Diagnoses | p. 560 |
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction | p. 562 |
Implications | p. 564 |
Social Cognition in Problem Behaviors | p. 566 |
Social Cognition and Depression | p. 566 |
Social Cognition and Loneliness | p. 571 |
Social Cognition and Anxiety | p. 573 |
Social Cognition and Illness | p. 575 |
Social-Psychological Approaches to Treatment | p. 581 |
Inducing Internal Change through External Behavior | p. 582 |
Breaking Vicious Cycles | p. 582 |
Maintaining Change through Internal Attributions for Success | p. 584 |
Social Support and Well-Being | p. 587 |
Close Relationships and Health | p. 587 |
Close Relationships and Happiness | p. 588 |
Personal Postscript: Enhancing Happiness | p. 592 |
Social Psychology in Court | p. 595 |
Eyewitness Testimony | p. 597 |
How Persuasive Is Eyewitness Testimony? | p. 597 |
How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses? | p. 599 |
The Misinformation Effect | p. 600 |
Retelling | p. 603 |
Feedback to Witnesses | p. 603 |
Reducing Error | p. 605 |
Other Influences on Judgments | p. 609 |
The Defendant's Characteristics | p. 610 |
The Judge's Instructions | p. 613 |
Other Issues | p. 615 |
The Jurors as Individuals | p. 617 |
Juror Comprehension | p. 617 |
Jury Selection | p. 620 |
"Death-Qualified" Jurors | p. 621 |
The Jury as a Group | p. 622 |
Minority Influence | p. 623 |
Group Polarization | p. 623 |
Leniency | p. 624 |
Are 12 Heads Better than 1? | p. 625 |
Are 6 Heads as Good as 12? | p. 625 |
From Lab to Life: Simulated and Real Juries | p. 626 |
Personal Postscript: Thinking Smart with Psychological Science | p. 628 |
Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future | p. 631 |
The Global Crisis | p. 632 |
Overshooting the Earth's Carrying Capacity | p. 633 |
Enabling Sustainable Lifestyles | p. 636 |
The Social Psychology of Materialism and Simplicity | p. 639 |
Increased Materialism | p. 639 |
Wealth and Well-Being | p. 640 |
Why Materialism Fails to Satisfy | p. 643 |
Toward Sustainable Consumption | p. 646 |
Personal Postscript: A Final Word | p. 648 |
Glossary | p. 1 |
References | p. 1 |
Acknowledgments | p. 1 |
Indexes | p. 1 |
Name | p. 1 |
Subject | p. 1 |
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