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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction to Fiber Optics and SONET/SDH | |
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| B-ISDN, ATM, and SONET/SDH | |
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| Power on the Desktop | |
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| Client/Server Computing | |
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| Multimedia | |
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| Broadband Networks | |
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| Bandwidth and Delay | |
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| Creating Broadband Networks | |
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| B-ISDN | |
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| Network Connections | |
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| B-ISDN Splinters | |
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| SONET as Private-Line Service | |
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| A Fiber Optic Tutorial | |
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| Fiber Optic Transmission | |
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| Fiber Optic Cable Types | |
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| Multimode Step-Index Fibers | |
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| Multimode Graded-Index Fiber | |
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| Single-Mode Step-Index Fibers | |
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| Fiber Optic Advantages | |
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| Bit Error Time Intervals | |
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| Typical Media Bandwidths | |
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| Long Distances | |
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| Immunity from Interference | |
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| Security | |
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| Less Maintenance Costs | |
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| Small Size and Weight | |
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| Bandwidth Upgrades | |
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| Optical Networking, WDM, and DWDM | |
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| Optical Network Breakthroughs | |
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| Special Fibers | |
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| Light in Glass | |
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| Fiber as Glass | |
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| The Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) | |
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| The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1550 nm | |
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| In-Fiber Bragg Grating | |
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| WDM | |
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| WDM and SONET/SDH | |
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| DWDM | |
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| DWDM Impairments | |
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| Modal Effects | |
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| Scattering Effects | |
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| Miscellaneous Effects | |
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| The ITU DWDM Grid | |
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| The Digital Hierarchy | |
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| Analog and Digital | |
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| The Digitization of Voice | |
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| T-Carrier | |
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| Other Digital Carrier Schemes | |
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| Digital Hierarchies | |
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| Proprietary T-3 and Above | |
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| T-Carrier and Private Networks | |
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| Linking LANs with Private Lines | |
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| T-Carrier and Network Applications | |
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| The Trouble with T-Carrier | |
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| The Mid-Span Meet and Missing Pieces | |
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| The Need for Operational Procedures | |
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| Byte and Bit Interleaved Multiplexing | |
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| DS-1 to DS-3 Multiplexing | |
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| Problems with M13 Multiplexing | |
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| What a Concept! | |
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| Importance of SONET | |
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| How SONET/SDH Works | |
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| The Evolution of SONET/SDH | |
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| Meet the Players | |
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| American National Standards Institute | |
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| Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Standards | |
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| Telcordia (Bellcore) | |
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| Electronic Industries Association | |
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| Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | |
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| International Telecommunication Union | |
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| SONET Interoperability Forum | |
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| Forging Standards | |
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| SYNTRAN | |
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| Quest for the Mid-Span Meet | |
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| SONET and SDH | |
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| SONET Standards: Three Phases | |
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| Phase I | |
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| Phase II | |
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| Phase III | |
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| SONET/SDH Architecture and Frame Structures | |
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| SONET/SDH Speeds | |
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| STS/OC Distinction | |
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| SONET/SDH Architecture Layers | |
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| SONET/SDH Overhead Hierarchy | |
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| SONET Layers in Detail | |
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| SONET Frame Structures | |
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| STS-1 Frame Structure | |
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| SONET Frames Beyond STS-1 | |
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| The STS-3 Frame Structure | |
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| The STS-12 Frame Structure | |
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| The STS-48 Frame Structure | |
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| The STS-192 Frame Structure | |
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| The STS-768 Frame Structure | |
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| SDH Architectural Layers | |
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| SDH Frame Structures | |
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| STM-0 Frame Structure | |
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| SDH Frames Beyond STM-0 | |
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| The STM-1 Frame Structure | |
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| The STM-4 Frame Structure | |
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| The STM-16 Frame Structure | |
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| The STM-64 Frame Structure | |
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| The STM-256 Frame Structure | |
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| Concatenated SONET/SDH Frames | |
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| STS-3 SPEs | |
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| STS-3c (OC-3c) SPE | |
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| Containers and Tributaries: Lower Rate Payloads | |
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| SONET/SDH Overhead | |
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| SONET/SDH Overhead | |
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| Section/Regenerator Section Overhead | |
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| Line/Multiplex Section Overhead | |
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| Path/Higher Order Path Overhead | |
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| Virtual Tributary and Virtual Container Overhead | |
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| SONET/SDH Payloads | |
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| Voice and SONET/SDH Payloads | |
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| SONET Virtual Tributaries | |
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| SDH Tributary Units | |
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| The SDH Tributary Unit | |
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| Other SONET/SDH Mappings | |
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| Asynchronous DS-3 | |
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| ATM Cells | |
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| Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) | |
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| HDLC or PPP? | |
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| The POS SPE | |
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| Virtual Concatenation in SONET/SDH | |
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| Higher Order Virtual Concatenation with H4 | |
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| Lower Order Virtual Concatenation with K4(Z7) Bit 2 | |
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| Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) | |
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| SONET/SDH Synchronization and Timing | |
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| Network Synchronization | |
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| Stratum Clocks | |
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| Plesiochronous Clocking | |
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| SONET/SDH Synchronous Multiplexing | |
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| Synchronizing a SONET/SDH Network | |
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| Benefits of SONET/SDH Timing | |
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| Why SONET/SDH Needs Pointers | |
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| SONET Pointer Justification | |
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| SONET Pointer Values | |
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| SONET STS-3c Pointer Justification | |
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| SDH Pointers and Jitter | |
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| SONET/SDH Network Equipment | |
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| SONET/SDH Networks | |
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| Pre-SONET Carrier Systems | |
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| SONET Carrier Systems | |
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| SONET/SDH in Action | |
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| SONET/SDH as Trunking | |
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| SONET/SDH Links in Summary | |
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| SONET/SDH and the Power Budget | |
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| Decibels and the Power Budget | |
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| Power Budget Calculations | |
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| Computing the Optical Power Budget | |
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| SONET/SDH and ATM | |
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| SONET/SDH Components | |
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| SONET/SDH Rings | |
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| Rings in Action | |
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| SONET/SDH Equipment | |
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| SONET/SDH Networks | |
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| The Distribution Network | |
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| The Feeder Network | |
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| The Local Backbone | |
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| The Long-Haul Backbone | |
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| SONET Components | |
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| SONET Network Element Functioning | |
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| Terminal Multiplexers | |
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| Add/Drop Multiplexers | |
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| SONET Digital Loop Carrier | |
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| SONET Digital Cross-Connect Systems | |
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| SONET Matched Nodes | |
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| SONET Drop-and-Repeat | |
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| SONET/SDH Equipment Providers | |
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| The Big Six | |
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| Product Overview | |
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| The Product Sampler | |
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| Alcatel Network Systems | |
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| Alcatel 1631 LMC Wideband Digital Cross-Connect | |
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| Alcatel 1677 SONET Link | |
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| Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems | |
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| Fujitsu FLASH-192 | |
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| Fujitsu FLM 2400 ADM | |
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| Lucent Technologies | |
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| Lucent DDM-2000 OC-3/OC-12/OC-48 ADM | |
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| Lucent SLC-2000 Access System DLC | |
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| NEC Optical | |
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| NEC Vista | |
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| NEC SMS-2500A | |
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| Nortel Networks | |
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| Nortel Networks TransportNode (TN) SDH Family | |
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| Nortel Networks S/DMS TransportNode OC-192 | |
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| Tellabs | |
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| Tellabs 5500 DCS | |
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| Tellabs FOCUS LX | |
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| Sample Product Configurations | |
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| Alcatel Network Systems | |
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| Fujitsu Network Transmission Systems | |
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| Lucent Technologies | |
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| NEC Transmission | |
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| Nortel Networks | |
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| Tellabs | |
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| DWDM Equipment Providers | |
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| Routers and SONET/SDH | |
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| Cisco Systems | |
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| Juniper Networks | |
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| SONET/SDH Advantages | |
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| Customer and Carrier Advantages | |
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| Key Benefits of SONET/SDH | |
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| SONET Multipoint Grooming | |
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| Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing | |
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| Reduction of Cabling and DSX Panels | |
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| Enhanced OAM&P | |
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| OAM&P in T-Carrier Networks | |
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| OAM&P in SONET | |
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| Integrated Operations and Monitoring | |
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| New Service Offerings | |
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| Optical Interconnect: "Mid-Span Meet" | |
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| SONET/SDH OAM&P | |
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| SONET/SDH Overhead Revisited | |
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| What Could Go Wrong? | |
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| OAM&P Signals and Layers | |
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| Users and OAM&P Operations | |
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| Timing Problems | |
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| SONET and T-Carrier Network Management | |
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| SONET/SDH Network Management | |
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| OSI and SNMP Network Management Layers | |
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| OSI Network Management | |
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| SNMP Network Management | |
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| Standard Objects and SONET/SDH | |
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| OAM&P, the ITU, and SONET/SDH | |
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| Telecommunications Management Network | |
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| SONET Management Information: 1/7/24 | |
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| TMN Issues | |
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| IP and the SONET/SDH DCCs | |
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| Transaction Language 1 | |
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| TL1 Messages | |
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| SONET and TL1 Messages | |
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| TL1 Messages and Memory Administration | |
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| Provisioning SONET NEs with TL1 | |
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| Payload Mappings and Cross-Connections | |
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| TL1 and System Backup | |
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| TL1 Network Maintenance and Alarms | |
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| Monitoring Performance | |
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| TL1 and Testing Process | |
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| SONET/SDH Protection and Rings | |
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| SONET/SDH Rings and Fiber Failures | |
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| Non-Ring Automatic Protection Switching | |
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| SONET/SDH Ring Basics | |
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| SONET Rings | |
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| Unidirectional and Bidirectional | |
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| Line Switching and Path Switching | |
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| Two-Fiber and Four-Fiber | |
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| Ring Applications | |
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| Real-World SONET Rings | |
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| Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring Protection | |
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| Unidirectional Path-Switched Rings Protection | |
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| Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings | |
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| Two-Fiber BLSR Protection | |
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| Four-Fiber BLSR Protection | |
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| Rings of Rings | |
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| Ring Automatic Protection Switching | |
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| SONET/SDH Linear Protection | |
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| SDH Protection and Rings | |
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| SONET/SDH Rings and Delay | |
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| More Ring Issues | |
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| SONET/SDH Rings and Timing | |
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| The Synchronization Status Message and SONET Rings | |
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| SONET/SDH Service Deployment | |
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| SONET/SDH Deployment | |
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| SONET/SDH, Gigabit Ethernet, DWDM, and Fiber | |
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| The Function of SONET/SDH | |
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| T-Carrier Trunking Network | |
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| T-Carrier Access Network | |
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| SONET Trunking Network | |
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| SONET Regional Network | |
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| SONET Long-Haul Network | |
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| SONET Access Network | |
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| SONET Access Arrangements | |
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| Private SONET/SDH Rings | |
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| Running SONET/SDH Fiber | |
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| "Railblazers" | |
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| The AT&T Fleet | |
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| Plowing Cable | |
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| SONET/SDH Services | |
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| SONET/SDH Applications: ATM | |
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| SONET/SDH Applications: LAN Interconnection | |
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| SONET/SDH Applications: Video and Graphics | |
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| Cinema of the Future | |
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| Cable TV Distribution | |
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| SONET/SDH Service Architectures | |
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| SONET/SDH Integrated Architectures | |
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| SONET/SDH Futures and Issues | |
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| Optical Networking and SONET/SDH | |
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| The Optical ADM | |
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| Changing Fibers in the Middle of the Stream | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| SONET/SDH, IP, and Gigabit Ethernet | |
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| Why Not IP Direct-to-Fiber? | |
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| How Many Layers Between IP and the Fiber? | |
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| Can the Routers Keep Up? | |
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| The Cost Issue | |
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| Sunset for SONET/SDH? | |
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| Miscellaneous SONET/SDH Issues | |
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| SONET/SDH Electrical Testing | |
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| Bit Error Rates and SONET/SDH | |
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| SONET/SDH Timing Errors | |
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| Acronym and Abbreviation List | |
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| Sonet Quick Reference | |
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| SDH Quick Reference | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |