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| Preface | |
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| Basic Terms and Concepts | |
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| Sources, Light Rays, and Pencils | |
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| Vergence | |
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| Refraction and Snell's Law | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Refraction at Spherical Surfaces | |
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| Converging and Diverging Spherical Surfaces | |
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| A Word on Sign Conventions | |
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| Primary and Secondary Focal Points | |
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| A Very Handy Formula | |
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| Image Formation by Spherical Surfaces | |
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| Real Images | |
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| Virtual Images | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| The Vergence Relationship | |
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| More on Vergence | |
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| Linear Sign Convention | |
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| Vergence Relationship | |
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| Sample Problems | |
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| Sample Problem 1: Converging Surface | |
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| Sample Problem 2: Diverging Surface | |
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| Sample Problem 3: Locating the Object | |
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| Sample Problem 4: A Flat (Plane) Refracting Surface | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Thin Lenses | |
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| Ray Tracing | |
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| Vergence Relationship | |
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| Newton's Relation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces | |
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| Multiple Thin Lens Systems | |
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| Virtual Objects | |
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| Thick Lenses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Thick Lenses | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Back and Front Vertex Power | |
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| Equivalent Lenses | |
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| Equivalent Power | |
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| Locating the Principal Planes | |
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| Sample Problem | |
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| Nodal Points | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Ametropia | |
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| Myopia | |
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| Hyperopia | |
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| Lens Effectivity | |
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| Correction of Ametropia with Laser and Surgical Procedures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Vergence Relationship for Accommodation | |
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| Accommodation in Ametropia | |
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| Near Point of Accommodation | |
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| Accommodation when Ametropia is Corrected with Spectacles | |
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| Correction of Presbyopia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism | |
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| Lens Crosses | |
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| Lens Formulae/Prescriptions | |
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| Image Formation: Point Sources | |
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| Image Formation: Extended Sources | |
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| Power in an Oblique Meridian of a Cylindrical Lens | |
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| Astigmatism: Definitions and Classifications | |
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| Jackson Crossed-Cylinder Test | |
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| Spherical Equivalency | |
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| What Does a Person with Astigmatism See? | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Prisms | |
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| Thick and Thin Prisms | |
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| Prism Diopters | |
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| Prismatic Effects of Lenses | |
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| Clinical Applications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reference | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Depth of Field | |
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| Blur Circles, Visual Acuity, and Pinholes | |
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| Diffraction Caused by Apertures | |
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| Depth of Field and Depth of Focus | |
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| Hyperfocal Distance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Magnification and Low Vision Devices | |
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| Angular Magnification Produced by Plus Lenses | |
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| Use of Plus Lenses for Low Vision | |
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| Magnifying Lens and Bifocal Add in Combination | |
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| Fixed-Focus Stand Magnifiers | |
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| Effective Magnification | |
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| Electronic Magnifiers for Near | |
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| Telescopes | |
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| Galilean Telescopes | |
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| Keplerian Telescopes | |
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| An Alternative Formula to Determine a Telescope's Angular Magnification | |
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| A Convenient Clinical Method to Determine a Telescope's Angular Magnification | |
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| Telescope Use in Ametropia | |
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| Telemicroscopes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Retinal Image Size | |
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| Spectacle Magnification | |
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| Retinal Image Size in Uncorrected Ametropia | |
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| Retinal Image Size in Corrected Ametropia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Reflection | |
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| Ray Tracing: Concave, Convex, and Plane Mirrors | |
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| Concave Mirrors | |
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| Convex Mirrors | |
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| Plane Mirrors | |
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| Power of Mirrors | |
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| The Vergence Relationship | |
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| Reflections and Antireflection Coatings | |
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| Purkinje Images | |
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| Corneal Topography | |
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| Summary | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Aberrations | |
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| The Paraxial Assumption and Seidel Aberrations | |
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| Longitudinal Spherical Aberration | |
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| Coma | |
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| Oblique Astigmatism | |
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| Curvature of Field | |
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| Distortion | |
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| Wavefront Sensing and Adaptive Optics | |
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| Measurement of the Eye's Monochromatic Aberrations | |
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| Supernormal Vision | |
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| Imaging the Fundus | |
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| Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Dispersive Power and Constringence | |
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| Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Chromatic Aberration in the Human Eye | |
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| The Red-Green Refraction Technique | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Answers to Self-Assessment Problems | |
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| Basic Terms and Concepts | |
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| Refraction at Spherical Surfaces | |
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| The Vergence Relationship | |
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| Thin Lenses | |
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| Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces | |
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| Thick Lenses | |
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| Ametropia | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism | |
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| Prisms | |
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| Depth of Field | |
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| Magnification and Low Vision Devices | |
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| Retinal Image Size | |
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| Reflection | |
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| Aberrations | |
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| Entrance and Exit Pupils of Telescopes | |
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| Location of Purkinje Image III | |
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| Fluid Lenses | |
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| Javal's Rule | |
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| Derivation of the Paraxial Relationship | |
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| Correction of Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Practice Examinations | |
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| Practice Examination 1 | |
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| Practice Examination 2 | |
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| Answers to Practice Examinations | |
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| Practice Examination 1 | |
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| Practice Examination 2 | |
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| Index | |