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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction to Software Cost Estimation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| How Software Cost-Estimating Tools Work | |
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| Cautions About Accidental Omissions from Estimates | |
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| Software Cost Estimating and Other Development Activities | |
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| References | |
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| The Origins of Software Cost Estimation | |
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| The Early History of Software Cost Estimation | |
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| The Expansion and Use of Functional Metrics for Software Cost Estimating | |
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| References | |
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| Six Forms of Software Cost Estimation | |
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| Overview of Manual Software-Estimating Methods | |
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| Overview of Automated Software-Estimating Methods | |
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| Comparison of Manual and Automated Estimates for Large Software Projects | |
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| References | |
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| Software Cost-Estimating Tools and Project Success and Failure Rates | |
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| Probabilities of Software Project Success or Failure | |
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| References | |
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| Sources of Error in Software Cost Estimation | |
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| Judging the Accuracy of Software Cost Estimates | |
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| Classes of Software Estimation Errors | |
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| References | |
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| Preliminary Estimation Methods | |
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| Manual Software-Estimating Methods | |
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| Rules of Thumb Based on Lines-of-Code Metrics | |
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| Rules of Thumb Based on Ratios and Percentages | |
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| Rules of Thumb Based on Function Point Metrics | |
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| Function Point Sizing Rules of Thumb | |
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| Rules of Thumb for Schedules, Resources, and Costs | |
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| Rules of Thumb Using Activity-Based Cost Analysis | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Manual Estimating Methods Derived from Agile Projects and New Environments | |
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| Metrics Used for Rules of Thumb | |
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| Rules of Thumb for Manual Software Cost Estimates | |
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| Component-Based Development | |
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| Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) | |
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| Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Deployment | |
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| Extreme Programming (XP) | |
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| International Outsourcing | |
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| Object-Oriented (OO) Development | |
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| Capability Maturity Model (CMM) | |
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| Software Methods with Only Partial Rules of Thumb | |
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| Cleanroom Development | |
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| Crystal Development Approach | |
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| Feature-Driven Development (FDD) | |
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| ISO 9000-9004 Quality Standards | |
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| Iterative or Incremental Development | |
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| Pattern-Based Software Development | |
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| Quality Function Deployment (QFD) | |
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| Rapid Application Development (RAD) | |
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| Scrum | |
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| Six-sigma for Software | |
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| Spiral Software Development | |
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| Unified Modeling Language (UML) | |
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| Use Cases for Software Requirements | |
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| Web-Based Applications | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Automated Estimates from Minimal Data | |
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| Recording Administrative and Project Information | |
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| Preliminary Sizing of Key Deliverables | |
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| Producing a Preliminary Cost Estimate | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Sizing Software Deliverables | |
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| Sizing Software Deliverables | |
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| General Sizing Logic for Key Deliverables | |
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| Sizing Methods Circa 2007 | |
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| Pattern Matching from Historical Data | |
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| Using Historical Data to Predict Growth in Requirements | |
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| Mathematical or Statistical Attempts to Extrapolate Size from Partial Requirements | |
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| Arbitrary Rules of Thumb for Adding Contingency Factors | |
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| Freezing Requirements at Fixed Points in Time | |
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| Producing Formal Cost Estimates Only for Subsets of the Total Application | |
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| Volume of Function Point Data Available | |
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| Software Complexity Analysis | |
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| Software Sizing with Reusable Components | |
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| Overview of the Basic Forms of Software Sizing Metrics | |
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| Source Code Sizing | |
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| Sizing Object-Oriented Software Projects | |
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| Sizing Text-Based Paper Documents | |
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| Sizing Graphics and Illustrations | |
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| Sizing Bugs or Defects | |
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| Sizing Test Cases | |
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| The Event Horizon for Sizing Software Artifacts | |
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| What Is Known as a Result of Sizing Software Projects | |
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| Strengths and Weaknesses of Software Size Metrics | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Cost-Estimating Adjustment Factors | |
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| Compensation and Work-Pattern Adjustments | |
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| Manual and Automated Methods of Adjustment | |
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| Exclusions from Normal Software Cost Estimates | |
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| Setting Up the Initial Conditions for a Cost Estimate | |
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| Variations in Burden Rates or Overhead Costs | |
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| Variations in Work Habits and Unpaid Overtime | |
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| References | |
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| Activity Pattern Adjustment Factors | |
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| Twenty Five Common Activities for Software Projects | |
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| References | |
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| Software Technology Adjustment Factors | |
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| Adjustment Factors and Macro-Estimation Tools | |
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| Factors That Influence Software Development Productivity | |
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| Factors That Influence Software Maintenance Productivity | |
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| Patterns of Positive and Negative Factors | |
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| Adjustment Factors and Micro-Estimating Tools | |
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| References | |
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| Activity-Based Software Cost Estimating | |
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| Estimating Software Requirements | |
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| Function Points and Software Requirements | |
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| Primary Topics for Software Requirements | |
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| Secondary Topics for Software Requirements | |
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| Positive and Negative Requirements Adjustment Factors | |
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| Requirements and End-User Software | |
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| Requirements and Agile Applications | |
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| Requirements and Management Information Systems (MIS) Projects | |
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| Requirements and Outsourced Projects | |
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| Requirements and Systems Software | |
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| Requirements and Commercial Software | |
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| Requirements and Military Software Projects | |
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| Requirements and Web-Based Applications | |
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| Evaluating Combinations of Requirements Factors | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Software Prototypes | |
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| Disposable Prototypes | |
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| Time box Prototypes | |
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| Evolutionary Prototypes | |
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| Default Values for Estimating Disposable Prototypes | |
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| Positive and Negative Factors That Influence Software Prototypes | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Software Specifications and Design | |
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| Positive Design Adjustment Factors | |
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| Negative Design Adjustment Factors | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Design Inspections | |
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| Inspection Literature | |
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| Inspection Process | |
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| Value of Inspections | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Programming or Coding | |
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| The Impact of Reusability on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Experience on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Bugs or Errors on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Unpaid Overtime on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Creeping Requirements on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Code Structure and Complexity on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Unplanned Interruptions on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Application Size on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Office Space and Ergonomics on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Tools on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Programming Languages on Programming | |
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| The Impact of Schedule Pressure on Programming | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Code Inspections | |
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| Code Inspection Literature | |
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| Effectiveness of Code Inspections | |
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| Considerations for Estimating Code Inspections | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Software Configuration Control and Change Management | |
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| The Literature on Change Management | |
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| Measuring Software Change | |
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| Changes in User Requirements | |
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| Changes in Specifications and Design | |
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| Changes Due to Bugs or Defect Reports | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Software Testing | |
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| General Forms of Software Testing | |
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| Specialized Forms of Software Testing | |
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| Forms of Testing Involving Users or Clients | |
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| Number of Testing Stages | |
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| Testing Pattern Variations by Industry and Type of Software | |
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| Testing Pattern Variations by Size of Application | |
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| Testing Stages Noted in Lawsuits Alleging Poor Quality | |
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| Using Function Points to Estimate Test-Case Volumes | |
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| Using Function Points to Estimate the Numbers of Test Personnel | |
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| Testing and Defect-Removal Efficiency Levels | |
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| Using Function Points to Estimate Testing Effort and Costs | |
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| Testing by Developers or by Professional Test Personnel | |
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| Test Case Coverage | |
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| The Factors That Affect Testing Performance | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating User and Project Documentation | |
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| Estimating Tools and Software Documentation | |
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| Quantifying the Number and Sizes of Software Document Types | |
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| Software Documentation Tools on Lagging and Leading Projects | |
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| References | |
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| Estimating Software Project Management | |
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| The Roles of Software Project Management | |
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| Project Managers Who Are Also Technical Contributors | |
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| Project Management for Hybrid Projects Involving Hardware and Software | |
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| Project Management and External Schedule Pressures | |
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| Project Management Tools | |
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| Project Management on Large Systems with Many Managers | |
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| Time-Splitting, or Managing Several Projects Simultaneously | |
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| The Span of Control, or Number of Staff Members per Manager | |
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| Managing Multiple Occupation Groups | |
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| The Presence or Absence of Project Offices for Large Systems | |
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| Experience Levels of Software Project Managers | |
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| Quality-Control Methods Selected by Project Managers | |
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| Project Managers and Metrics | |
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| Summary of Project Management Findings | |
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| References | |
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| Maintenance and Enhancement Cost Estimating | |
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| Maintenance and Enhancement Estimating | |
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| Nominal Default Values for Maintenance and Enhancement Activities | |
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| Metrics and Measurement Problems with Small Maintenance Projects | |
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| Best and Worst Practices in Software Maintenance | |
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| Software Entropy and Total Cost of Ownership | |
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| Installing New Releases and Patches from Software Vendors | |
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| Major Enhancements | |
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| Minor Enhancements | |
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| Maintenance (Defect Repairs) | |
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| Warranty Repairs | |
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| Customer Support | |
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| Economics of Error-Prone Modules | |
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| Mandatory Changes | |
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| Complexity Analysis | |
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| Code Restructuring and Refactoring | |
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| Performance Optimization | |
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| Migration Across Platforms | |
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| Conversion to New Architectures | |
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| Reverse Engineering | |
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| Re-engineering | |
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| Dead Code Removal | |
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| Dormant Application Removal | |
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| Nationalization | |
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| Mass Update Projects | |
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| Retirement or Withdrawal of Applications | |
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| Field Service | |
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| Combinations and Concurrent Maintenance Operations | |
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| References | |
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| Software Cost-Estimating Research Issues | |
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| Metrics Conversion | |
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| Automatic Sizing from User Requirements | |
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| Activity-Based Costs for Agile, Object-Oriented, and Web Projects | |
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| Complexity Analysis of Software Applications | |
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| Value Analysis of Software Applications | |
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| Risk Analysis and Software Cost Estimates | |
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| Including Specialists in Software Cost Estimates | |
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| Reuse Analysis and Software Cost Estimates | |
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| Process Improvement Estimation | |
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| Methodology Analysis and Software Cost Estimating | |
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| Summary and Conclusions About Software Cost-Estimating Research | |
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| Index | |