| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heating Boiler Basics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water and Steam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of hot water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of saturated steam | |
| |
| |
| |
| History of Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification based on use | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification based on material | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification based on fuel | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification based on tube type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heating Boiler Code | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adoption of Boiler Code | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Steam Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space heating steam boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam cooker | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam sterilizers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam Heating System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Piping arrangements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam Heating System Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| ASME Code Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Materials requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Welding requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design of weldments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attachment welding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a Steam Heating Boiler (Combination Gas/No. 2 Oil-Fired, 200 HP, IVlAWP 15 psi) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Hot Water Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot water heating boilers for space heating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boosters for commercial dishwashers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Heating System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gravity system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forced circulation heating system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zone-controlled system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solar system application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydronic Heating Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Components of hydronic heating system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a Hot Water Heating Boiler (Gas-Fired, Capacity 500 MBtu/hr, MAWP 150 psi) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Supply Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Supply Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Hot Water Supply Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot water supply boilers without tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot water supply boilers with tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pool heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Supply System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot water supply system with gravity tank | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot water supply with a pressurized tank | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a Hot Water Supply Boiler (Gas-Fired, Capacity 2,450,000 Btu/hr, MAWP 160 psi) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Working Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Hot Water Heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tank type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water heaters based on fuels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous water heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combination Space and Water Heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Working principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hot Water Heater System | |
| |
| |
| |
| ASME Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| General outline | |
| |
| |
| |
| Material requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection and stamping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Installation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety relief valve requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water supply | |
| |
| |
| |
| Storage tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expansion tank | |
| |
| |
| |
| Piping expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bottom drain valve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermometer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance and Repairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a Hot Water Heater (Gas-Fired, 125 Gallons, MAWP 160 psi) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cast Iron Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Features | |
| |
| |
| |
| Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Major components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Cast Iron Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Horizontal-sectional cast iron boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical-sectional cast iron boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| One-piece cast iron boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| ASME Code Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Material requirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assembly method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrostatic test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stamping requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's data reports | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prevention of Thermal Shock | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a Cast Iron Boiler (Natural Gas-Fired Steam Boiler 100 HP, MAWP 15 psi) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modular Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modular Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modular steam heating boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modular hot water boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modular hot water heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combination modular system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Installation of Modular Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Individual modules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assembled modular boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cylindrical Parts under Internal Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tubes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flat Heads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cylindrical Parts under External Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Openings in Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reinforcement Requirements for Openings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection and Access Openings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stayed Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Staybolts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Staying of Heads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tube Sheets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ligaments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tube Holes and Tube Attachments | |
| |
| |
| |
| External Piping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure Relief Valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Pressure Relief Valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relief valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety relief valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| ASME Code Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety valve requirements for steam boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety relief valve requirements for hot water boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety and safety relief valves for tanks and heat exchangers | |
| |
| |
| |
| T&P safety relief valves for hot water heater | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minimum requirements for safety and safety relief valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discharge capacities of safety and safety relief valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculation of capacity to be stamped on valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying Presure Relief Valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a safety valve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifying a safety relief valve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Material Requirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress values | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minimum thickness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific welding requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection and Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stamping of Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Code symbol stamp | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stamping of boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's Data Reports | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combustion Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel oils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coal | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electricity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Burning Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas burning equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oil burning equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coal burning equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| NO[subscript x] Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| NO[subscript x] control technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Appurtenances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety Valves and Safety Relief Valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low-Water Fuel Cutoffs and Water Feeders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Float-type low-water fuel cutoffs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electric probe-type low-water fuel cutoffs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam Traps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermostatic steam trap with a bellows element | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermostatic steam trap with a bimetallic element | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inverted bucket steam trap | |
| |
| |
| |
| Float and thermostatic (F&T) traps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic disc steam traps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Air Eliminators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Condensate Return Pumps and Return Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hartford Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vacuum Return Pumps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circulating Pumps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expansion Tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oil Preheaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Oil Storage and Supply Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Storage tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel strainers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure Gage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gage range | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accuracy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calibration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Siphon tubes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure or Altitude Gages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water Gage Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure Controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermometers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature Controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stop Valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bottom Blow-off Valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruments and Controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controls for Steam Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam gages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water gage glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water column | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Automatic low-water fuel cutoff | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controls for Hot Water Heating or Hot Water Supply Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure or altitude gage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermometer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low-water fuel cutoff | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controls for All Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruments and control-mounted inside jackets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical | |
| |
| |
| |
| Control circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limit controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shutdown switches and circuit breakers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controls and heat-generating apparatus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controls and Safety Devices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operating controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limit controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Programming controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing of controls and safety devices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Installation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Room | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lighting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water and drain connections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fire protection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Housekeeping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Posting of certificates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recordkeeping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combustion Air | |
| |
| |
| |
| Venting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Placement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mounting pressure relief valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feedwater and makeup water connections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oil heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Storage tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expansion tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stop valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bottom blow-off and drain valves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods of support | |
| |
| |
| |
| Piping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Documentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Operators and Engineers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steam Boiler Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cleaning and filling a new boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiling out method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starting a boiler (single boiler installation) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Condensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cutting in an additional boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removal of boiler from service | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heating Boiler and Hot Water Supply Boiler Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cleaning and filling a new boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starting a new boiler (single boiler installation) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Condensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cutting in an additional boiler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removal of boiler from service | |
| |
| |
| |
| Periodic Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Room Emergency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation Log Sheet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authorized Inspectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authorized inspector's responsibilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection tools | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler and Machinery Insurance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| First Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Routine Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection of Steam Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inspection of Heating Boilers and Hot Water Supply Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance and Repairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Tools | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tube Cleaning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical cleaning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical cleaning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tube Expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Refractory Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preparing for Inspection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance of Steam Heating Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintenance of Hot Water Heating and Hot Water Supply Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Repairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water Treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boiler Water Troubles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water Treatment Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment Alternatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blowdown | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feeders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Laid-Up Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glossary of Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boilers and General Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuels, Fire Burning Equipment, and Combustion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terms Relating to Water Treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extraction from Rules for the Construction of Low-Pressure Heating Boilers (1923) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Ferrous Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Nonferrous Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension for Lined Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Materials in Tension for Unlined Water Heaters | |
| |
| |
| |
| First Inspection Report on Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Charts for Components under External Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's Data Report for All Types of Boilers Except Watertube and Those Made of Cast Iron | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's Data Report for Watertube Boilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's Master Data Report for Boilers Constructed from Cast Iron | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's Data Report for Water Heaters of Storage Tanks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturer's/Installing Contractor's Report for ASME CSD-1 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Saturated Steam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unit Conversions | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |