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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Scope | |
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| Definitions of "Public Works" and "Infrastructure" | |
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| Examples of Infrastructure Projects | |
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| Categories of Public Infrastructure Projects | |
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| Typical Infrastructure Planning Steps | |
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| Goals and Objectives | |
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| Programming and Budgeting Process of Public Works Agencies | |
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| Evolution of the Infrastructure Planning Process | |
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| Relationships between Infrastructure and Development | |
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| Federal Infrastructure Strategy Program (Studies 1991-1995) | |
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| Problems | |
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| Planning Contexts, Perspectives, and Objectives | |
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| Scope | |
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| Planning Sequences | |
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| Basic Contexts for Planning Public Works and Infrastructure | |
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| Some Important Perspectives for Public Works and Infrastructure | |
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| Goals and Objectives of Public Works Elements and Types | |
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| Previously Mentioned "New" Objectives and Issues | |
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| Economic Objectives in the United States | |
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| Infrastructure Programs That Do Not Require Benefit-Cost Analysis | |
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| Private Enterprises and Infrastructure Planning | |
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| Problems | |
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| Planning and Appraisal of Major Infrastructure Projects | |
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| Scope | |
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| Sequence of Studies for a Single Major Infrastructure Project | |
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| First Stage: Preliminary (or Reconnaissance) Report | |
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| Second Stage: Feasibility Report | |
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| Third Stage: Final Design and Preparation of Contract Documents | |
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| Fourth Stage: Construction | |
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| Fifth Stage: Operation | |
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| Formulation of a Major Engineering Project | |
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| Project Costs | |
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| Appraisal Process before Approval of a Major Project | |
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| Appraisals by U.S. Government Agencies | |
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| Problems | |
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| Screening Projects and Master Planning | |
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| Scope | |
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| Planning Area | |
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| Needs, Problems, and Opportunities in Planning Studies | |
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| Case Study: Screening Procedure for Single-Purpose Projects-Emphasis on Function, Engineering Factors, and Cost | |
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| Case Study: Screening Procedure for Single-Purpose Projects-Emphasis on Function and Environmental/Social Factors | |
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| Screening Procedure for Systems of Projects, and for Projects That Serve Multiple Purposes and/or Multiple Objectives | |
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| Concepts of Master Planning Reports for a Defined Geographic Area | |
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| Hypothetical Report as Synthesis of Numerous Comprehensive Studies | |
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| Review and Adjustment of Data for Master and Regional Planning | |
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| Case Study: Review and Adjustment of Proposals Prepared by Different Planners | |
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| Problems | |
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| Municipal Infrastructure Systems: Performance and Prioritization | |
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| Scope | |
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| Measures of System Performance of Various Public Works Elements and Types: National Research Council Studies | |
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| Trade-Offs between Repair, Renewals, Replacements, and New Construction | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness Measures for Projects of a Routine Nature | |
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| Prioritization of Projects for Maintenance, Rehabilitation, and Replacement of Local Infrastructure Systems: Urban Institute Studies | |
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| Data Collection and Analysis for Decision-Making: Case Studies of Water Distribution Systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| Comparisons of Infrastructure Alternatives | |
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| Scope | |
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| Methods for Comparing and Prioritizing Infrastructure Alternatives | |
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| Formulas Involving Discount Rate and Use of Spreadsheets | |
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| Ten Examples Showing Solutions of Problems Involving Comparisons of Public Works Alternatives, Using Interest Formulas and Spreadsheets | |
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| Levelized Unit Cost or Price | |
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| Life-Cycle Analysis | |
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| Life-Cycle Analysis of Pavement Schemes | |
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| Comparing Alternatives with Multiple Attributes | |
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| Generic Matrix Approach for Comparing Alternatives with Multiple Attributes | |
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| Analytical Hierarchy Process for Comparing Alternatives with Multiple Attributes | |
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| Problems | |
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| Planning Aids | |
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| Scope | |
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| Basic Data for Planning | |
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| Classification of Data | |
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| Aerial Photos, Remote Sensing, GPS, and Satellites | |
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| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | |
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| Computer-Aided Design (CAD) | |
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| Computerized Data Banks and Displays | |
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| Overlays and Other Techniques for Suitability Mapping | |
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| Generalized Estimates | |
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| Forecasting Models for Infrastructure Planning | |
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| Population Projections and Other Demographic Studies | |
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| Decision Support Models: Expert Systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| Financial Analyses | |
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| Scope | |
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| Types of Financial Analyses | |
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| General Principles for Application of Financial Analyses | |
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| Financial Analyses for a Municipal Water Supply Project | |
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| Financial Analyses for Project with Different Sponsorships | |
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| Financial Analyses with Multiple Financing Sources | |
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| Financial Analysis of Multiunit and Multipurpose Programs | |
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| Break-Even Points as Financial Indicators | |
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| Management of Debt Service Based on Financial Analysis | |
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| Cost Allocations and Subsidies | |
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| Accounting for Inflation in Financial Analyses | |
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| Financial Issues for Local Governments | |
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| Financial Analyses of Privatization Schemes | |
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| Accounting Documents and Issues | |
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| Problems | |
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| Economic Analyses: Concepts | |
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| Scope | |
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| General Concepts of Economic Analysis for Public Works | |
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| Some Principles of Methodologies for Economic Analysis of Public Works | |
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| Examples of Benefits Conforming to the Measurement Standard | |
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| Social Welfare Function, Indifference Curves, and Trade-Offs | |
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| Practical Methodologies Incorporating Multiple Objectives | |
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| Demand Curves and Price Elasticities | |
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| Preferred Scale of Development (Considering Only Economic Efficiency) | |
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| Benefit-Cost Ratio and Other Measures for Ranking Projects in the United States | |
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| Characteristics of Benefit-Cost Ratio and Internal Rate of Return | |
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| Selection of Discount (Interest) Rate | |
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| Accounting for Inflation in Economic Analysis | |
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| Accounting for External Economies and Diseconomies in Economic Analysis | |
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| With-and-Without Basis of Analysis: The Base Case (No Action Alternative) | |
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| Local Infrastructure Costs as a Consideration in Economic Analysis | |
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| Value of Human Life as a Consideration in Economic Analysis | |
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| Application of Shadow Pricing in Economic Analysis | |
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| Accounting for Risk and Uncertainty in Economic Analysis | |
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| Allocation of Costs of Multipurpose Projects | |
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| Models for Estimating Economic Effects due to Infrastructure Development | |
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| Common Errors in Economic Evaluation | |
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| Problems | |
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| Economic Analyses: Applications | |
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| Scope | |
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| Scope of Evaluations and Costs and Benefits | |
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| Format for Benefit-Cost Calculations | |
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| Example of Benefit-Cost Analysis of Municipal Water Supply | |
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| Examples of Benefit-Cost Analyses of Transportation Projects | |
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| Examples of Benefit-Cost Analyses That Illustrate Differences with Government or Private Sponsorship and with Isolated or System Operation | |
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| Example of Benefit-Cost Analysis with Application of Probability Analysis | |
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| Example of Benefit-Cost Analysis with Application of Sensitivity Analysis | |
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| Example of Cost Allocation for Facility Serving Multiple Purposes and/or Multiple Projects | |
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| Examples Comparing Benefit-Cost Analysis with Sufficiency Ratings and Cost-Effectiveness Measures | |
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| Example of Implicit Consideration of Objectives in Trade-Offs and Priorities | |
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| Macroeconomics and Examples of Input-Output Analysis | |
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| Other Tools for Economic Models | |
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| Problems | |
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| Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Concepts, Requirements, and Procedures | |
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| Scope | |
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| General Concepts of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment | |
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| United States Laws, Regulations, and Policies Regarding Environmental and Social Impact Assessments | |
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| CEQ Guidelines for Environmental Impact Statements | |
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| Interpretation of NEPA and CEQ Rules | |
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| The EPA Role in the EIA and EIS Process | |
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| Scoping for the EIS | |
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| The Ecological and Human Environments: Categories, Attributes, and Parameters | |
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| Identification of Environmental and Social Impacts over Project Area and over Project Cycle | |
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| Special Considerations Involving Land and Water Interrelationships, Energy Consumption, and Air Pollution | |
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| Comparison of Project Alternatives Involving Environmental and Social Impacts, including Examples | |
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| Practices of Other Countries and International Agencies | |
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| Problems | |
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| Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Additional Analyses and Issues | |
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| Scope | |
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| Concepts of Human Environment, Human Well-Being, Social Well-Being, Social Welfare, and Quality of Life | |
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| Relationships Involving Infrastructure, Quality of Life, Business Development, and Urban Growth | |
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| Scope of Social Impact Assessments | |
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| Social Science Methods Applicable to Social Impact Assessments | |
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| Mathematical Models for Projecting Socioeconomic Impacts at the Community Level | |
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| Environmental Justice | |
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| Sustainability and Environmental Economics | |
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| Environmental Economics: General Concepts | |
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| Studies by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on Environmental Economics | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness Basis for Meeting Environmental Quality Objectives | |
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| Benefit-Cost Basis for Environmental Planning | |
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| Benefit-Cost Analysis, as Influenced by Ecological Economics Concepts | |
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| Environmental Economics Applied to Analysis of National Income Accounts | |
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| Problems | |
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| Public Involvement | |
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| Scope | |
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| Role of Public Involvement in Planning | |
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| Purposes and Benefits of Public Participation | |
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| Requirements for Public Participation | |
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| Factors That Contribute to Effective Participation | |
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| Descriptions of Public Participation and Education Techniques | |
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| Case Study: New Hampshire Route 16 Corridor Study | |
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| Problems | |
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| Legal and Institutional Aspects | |
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| Scope | |
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| System of Law | |
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| Federal Law | |
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| State and Local Law | |
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| Eminent Domain and Zoning | |
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| Water Rights | |
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| Summary of Environmental Laws and Regulations | |
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| Conflict Management and Resolution | |
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| Criteria for Institutional Structures | |
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| Powers, Responsibilities, and Organizations | |
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| Institutional Problems in Developing Countries | |
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| Other Comments Concerning Legal and Institutional Issues | |
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| Public Works Management Practices of Local Government Agencies | |
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| The Privatization Movement | |
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| Methods of Privatization | |
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| Privatization of Existing Public Works | |
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| Outsourcing (Contracting Out of Public Services) | |
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| Problems | |
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| Special Planning Issues for Developing Countries | |
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| Scope and Introduction | |
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| Planning Concepts and Methodologies Previously Discussed | |
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| Several Important Principles for Project Designs in Developing Countries | |
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| Project Appraisals by International Aid Agencies | |
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| Planning Contexts and Dichotomies | |
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| A Perspective of Economic Conditions in Developing Countries | |
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| A Perspective of Economic Development Needs by the UN and World Bank | |
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| A Perspective of the Infrastructure Crisis | |
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| Sustainability | |
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| Problems | |
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| Construction and Professional Services | |
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| Scope | |
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| Project Delivery Methods | |
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| Design-Build Contracts | |
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| Build-Operate-Transfer Contracts | |
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| Bid Documents for Construction | |
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| Project Development Process (PDP), Constructability Review Process (CRP) and Value Engineering (VE) | |
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| Costs for Professional Planning and Construction Services | |
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| Scheduling and Management of Planning Services by CPM and PERT | |
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| Problems | |
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| Planning for Uncertainty and Risk | |
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| Scope | |
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| Uncertainty, Sensitivity and Risk: Recapitulation of Concepts and Case Studies | |
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| Risk and Uncertainty Analysis in Planning Organizations | |
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| Risk Value Scales: Actual and Perceived | |
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| Selection of Parameters for Risk Analysis | |
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| Accounting for Unforeseen Changes and Events | |
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| Common Sense and Intuition in Decision-Making | |
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| Simulation Approaches for Projections with Sensitivity and Risk Analysis | |
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| Decision Analysis Approaches | |
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| Example of a Decision Tree Analysis for Infrastructure Planning | |
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| Application of Bayes Theorem to Decision Tree Problems | |
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| Other Infrastructure Planning Applications That Consider Uncertainty | |
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| Problems | |
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| Operations Research Methods for Planning and Analysis | |
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| Scope | |
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| Nature and Applicability of Mathematical Models | |
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| Mathematical Programming Models | |
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| Simulation Models | |
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| Applicability of Mathematical Models with Multiple Objectives and/or Criteria | |
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| Outranking Methods | |
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| Artificial Intelligence Systems | |
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| Decision Theory | |
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| Utility Theory | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |