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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Microstructure and Properties of Hardened Concrete | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preview | |
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| Concrete as a Structural Material | |
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| Components of Modern Concrete | |
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| Types of Concrete | |
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| Properties of Hardened Concrete and Their Significance | |
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| Units of Measurement | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Microstructure of Concrete | |
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| Preview | |
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| Definition | |
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| Significance | |
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| Complexities | |
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| Microstructure of the Aggregate Phase | |
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| Microstructure of the Hydrated Cement Paste | |
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| Solids in the hydrated cement paste | |
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| Voids in the hydrated cement paste | |
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| Water in the hydrated cement paste | |
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| Microstructure-property relationships in the hydrated cement paste | |
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| Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete | |
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| Significance of the interfacial transition zone | |
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| Microstructure | |
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| Strength | |
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| Influence of the interfacial transition zone on properties of concrete | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Strength | |
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| Preview | |
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| Definition | |
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| Significance | |
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| Strength-Porosity Relationship | |
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| Failure Modes in Concrete | |
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| Compressive Strength and Factors Affecting It | |
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| Characteristics and proportions of materials | |
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| Curing conditions | |
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| Testing parameters | |
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| Behavior of Concrete Under Various Stress States | |
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| Behavior of concrete under uniaxial compression | |
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| Behavior of concrete under uniaxial tension | |
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| Relationship between the compressive and the tensile strength | |
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| Tensile strength of mass concrete | |
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| Behavior of concrete under shearing stress | |
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| Behavior of concrete under biaxial and multiaxial stresses | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Dimensional Stability | |
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| Preview | |
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| Types of Deformations and their Significance | |
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| Elastic Behavior | |
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| Nonlinearity of the stress-strain relationship | |
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| Types of elastic moduli | |
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| Determination of the static elastic modulus | |
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| Poisson's ratio | |
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| Factors affecting modulus of elasticity | |
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| Drying Shrinkage and Creep | |
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| Causes | |
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| Effect of loading and humidity conditions on drying shrinkage and viscoelastic behavior | |
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| Reversibility | |
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| Factors affecting drying shrinkage and creep | |
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| Thermal Shrinkage | |
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| Factors affecting thermal stresses | |
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| Thermal Properties of Concrete | |
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| Extensibility and Cracking | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Durability | |
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| Preview | |
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| Definition | |
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| Significance | |
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| General Observations | |
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| Water as an Agent of Deterioration | |
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| The structure of water | |
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| Permeability | |
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| Permeability of hardened cement paste | |
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| Permeability of aggregate | |
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| Permeability of concrete | |
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| Classification of the Causes of concrete Deterioration | |
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| Surface Wear | |
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| Crystallization of Salts in Pores | |
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| Frost Action | |
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| Frost action on hardened cement paste | |
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| Frost action on aggregate | |
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| Factors controlling the frost resistance of concrete | |
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| Freezing and salt scaling | |
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| Effect of Fire | |
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| Effect of high temperature on hydrated cement paste | |
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| Effect of high temperature on aggregate | |
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| Effect of high temperature on concrete | |
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| Behavior of high-strength concrete exposed to fire | |
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| Deterioration of Concrete by Chemical Reactions | |
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| Hydrolysis of the cement paste components | |
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| Cation-exchange reactions | |
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| Reactions Involving the Formation of Expansive Products | |
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| Sulfate Attack | |
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| Chemical reactions in sulfate attack | |
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| Delayed ettringite formation | |
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| Selected cases histories | |
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| Control of sulfate attack | |
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| Alkali-Aggregate Reaction | |
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| Cements and the aggregate types contributing to the reaction | |
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| Mechanisms of expansion | |
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| Selected case histories | |
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| Control of expansion | |
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| Hydration of Crystalline MgO and CaO | |
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| Corrosion of Embedded Steel in Concrete | |
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| Mechanisms involved in concrete deterioration by corrosion of embedded steel | |
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| Selected case histories | |
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| Control of corrosion | |
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| Development of a Holistic Model of Concrete Deterioration | |
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| Concrete in the Marine Environment | |
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| Theoretical aspects | |
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| Case histories of deteriorated concrete | |
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| Lessons from the case histories | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Concrete Materials, Mix Proportioning, and Early-Age Properties | |
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| Hydraulic Cements | |
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| Preview | |
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| Hydraulic and Nonhydraulic Cements | |
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| Chemistry of gypsum and lime cements | |
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| Portland Cement | |
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| Manufacturing process | |
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| Chemical composition | |
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| Determination of the compound composition from chemical analysis | |
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| Crystal structure and reactivity of the compounds | |
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| Fineness | |
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| Hydration of Portland Cement | |
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| Significance | |
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| Mechanism of hydration | |
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| Hydration of the aluminates | |
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| Hydration of the silicates | |
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| Heat of Hydration | |
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| Physical Aspects of the Setting and Hardening Process | |
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| Effect of Cement Characteristics on Strength and Heat of Hydration | |
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| Types of Portland Cement | |
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| Special Hydraulic Cements | |
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| Classification and nomenclature | |
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| Blended portland cements | |
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| Expansive cements | |
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| Rapid setting and hardening cements | |
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| Oil-well cements | |
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| White and colored cements | |
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| Calcium aluminate cement | |
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| Trends in Cement Specifications | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Aggregates | |
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| Preview | |
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| Significance | |
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| Classification and Nomenclature | |
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| Natural Mineral Aggregates | |
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| Description of rocks | |
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| Description of minerals | |
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| Lightweight Aggregate | |
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| Heavyweight Aggregate | |
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| Blast-Furnace Slag Aggregate | |
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| Aggregate from Fly Ash | |
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| Aggregates from Recycled Concrete and Municipal Waste | |
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| Aggregate Production | |
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| Aggregate Characteristics and Their Significance | |
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| Density and apparent specific gravity | |
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| Absorption and surface moisture | |
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| Crushing strength, abrasion resistance, and elastic modulus | |
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| Soundness | |
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| Size and grading | |
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| Shape and surface texture | |
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| Deleterious substances | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Admixtures | |
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| Preview | |
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| Significance | |
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| Nomenclature, Specifications, and Classifications | |
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| Surface-Active Chemicals | |
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| Nomenclature and chemical composition | |
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| Mechanism of action | |
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| Applications | |
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| Superplasticizers | |
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| Set-Controlling Chemicals | |
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| Nomenclature and composition | |
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| Mechanism of action | |
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| Applications | |
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| Mineral Admixtures | |
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| Significance | |
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| Classification | |
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| Natural pozzolanic materials | |
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| By-product materials | |
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| Applications | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Proportioning Concrete Mixtures | |
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| Preview | |
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| Significance and Objectives | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Cost | |
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| Workability | |
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| Strength and durability | |
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| Ideal aggregate grading | |
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| Specific Principles | |
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| Workability | |
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| Strength | |
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| Durability | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Sample Computations | |
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| ACI Tables in the Metric System | |
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| Proportioning of High-Strength and High-Performance Concrete Mixtures | |
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| Methods of Determining Average Compressive Strength from the Specified Strength | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Concrete at Early Age | |
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| Preview | |
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| Definitions and Significance | |
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| Batching, Mixing, and Transport | |
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| Placing, Compacting, and Finishing | |
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| Concrete Curing and Formwork Removal | |
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| Workability | |
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| Definition and significance | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Factors affecting the workability and their control | |
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| Slump Loss | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Significance | |
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| Causes and control | |
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| Segregation and Bleeding | |
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| Definitions and significance | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Causes and control | |
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| Early Volume Changes | |
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| Definitions and significance | |
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| Causes and control | |
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| Setting Time | |
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| Definitions and significance | |
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| Measurement and control | |
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| Temperature of Concrete | |
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| Significance | |
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| Cold-weather concreting | |
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| Hot-weather concreting | |
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| Testing and Control of Concrete Quality | |
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| Methods and their significance | |
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| Accelerated strength testing | |
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| Core tests | |
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| Quality control charts | |
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| Early Age Cracking in Concrete | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Nondestructive Methods | |
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| Preview | |
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| Surface Hardness Methods | |
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| Penetration Resistance Techniques | |
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| Pullout Tests | |
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| Maturity Method | |
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| Assessment of Concrete Quality from Absorption and Permeability Tests | |
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| Stress Wave Propagation Methods | |
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| Theoretical concepts of stress wave propagation in solids | |
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| Ultrasonic pulse velocity methods | |
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| Impact methods | |
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| Acoustic emission | |
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| Electrical Methods | |
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| Resistivity | |
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| Electrochemical Methods | |
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| Introduction of electrochemistry of reinforced concrete | |
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| Corrosion potential | |
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| Polarization resistance | |
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| Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | |
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| Electromagnetic Methods | |
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| Covermeter | |
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| Ground penetrating radar | |
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| Infrared thermography | |
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| Tomography of Reinforced Concrete | |
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| X-ray computed tomography | |
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| Collapsing a three-dimensional world into a flat two-dimensional image | |
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| Backscattering microwave tomography | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Readings | |
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| Recent Advances and Concrete in the Future | |
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| Progress in Concrete Technology | |
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| Preview | |
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| Structural Lightweight Concrete | |
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| Definition and specifications | |
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| Mix-proportioning criteria | |
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| Properties | |
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| Applications | |
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| High-Strength Concrete | |
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| A brief history of development | |
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| Definition | |
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| Significance | |
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| Materials | |
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| Mixture proportioning | |
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| Microstructure | |
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| Properties of fresh and hardened concrete | |
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| High-strength, lightweight aggregate concrete | |
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| Self-Consolidating Concrete | |
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| Definition and significance | |
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| Brief history of development | |
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| Materials and mixture proportions | |
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| Properties of SCC | |
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| Applications | |
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| High-Performance Concrete | |
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| A brief history of development | |
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| ACI definition and commentary on high-performance concrete | |
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| Field experience | |
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| Applications | |
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| High-performance, high-volume fly ash concrete | |
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| Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete | |
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| Definition and the concept | |
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| Significance | |
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| Materials and mix proportions | |
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| Properties | |
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| Applications | |
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| Fiber-Reinforced Concrete | |
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| Definition and significance | |
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| Toughening mechanism | |
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| Materials and mix proportioning | |
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| Properties | |
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| Development of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced composites | |
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| Applications | |
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| Concrete Containing Polymers | |
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| Nomenclature and significance | |
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| Polymer concrete | |
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| Latex-modified concrete | |
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| Polymer-impregnated concrete | |
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| Heavyweight Concrete for Radiation Shielding | |
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| Significance | |
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| Concrete as a shielding material | |
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| Materials and mix proportions | |
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| Important properties | |
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| Mass Concrete | |
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| Definition and significance | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Materials and mix proportions | |
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| Application of the principles | |
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| Roller-Compacted Concrete | |
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| Materials and mix proportions | |
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| Laboratory testing | |
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| Properties | |
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| Construction practice | |
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| Applications | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| Advances in Concrete Mechanics | |
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| Preview | |
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| Elastic Behavior | |
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| Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) bounds | |
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| Viscoelasticity | |
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| Basic rheological models | |
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| Generalized rheological models | |
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| Time-variable rheological models | |
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| Superposition principle and integral representation | |
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| Mathematical expressions for creep | |
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| Methods for predicting creep and shrinkage | |
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| Shrinkage | |
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| Temperature Distribution in Mass Concrete | |
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| Heat transfer analysis | |
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| Initial condition | |
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| Boundary conditions | |
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| Finite element formulation | |
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| Examples of application | |
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| Case study: construction of the cathedral of our lady of the angels in California, USA | |
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| Fracture Mechanics | |
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| Linear elastic fracture mechanics | |
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| Concrete fracture mechanics | |
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| Fracture process zone | |
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| Test Your Knowledge | |
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| References | |
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| Suggestions for Further Study | |
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| The Future Challenges in Concrete Technology | |
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| Preview | |
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| Forces Shaping Our World-an Overview | |
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| Future Demand for Concrete | |
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| Advantages of Concrete over Steel Structures | |
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| Engineering considerations | |
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| Environmental Considerations | |
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| Concrete Durability and Sustainability | |
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| Is There a Light at the End of the Tunnel? | |
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| Technology for Sustainable Development | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |