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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Roofs Fail | |
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| Lessons from History | |
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| Need for Research and Standards | |
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| The Roof as a System | |
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| Design Factors | |
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| Basic Roof Components | |
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| Disastrous Combinations | |
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| Constructing the Roof | |
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| Divided Responsibility | |
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| Unified Responsibility | |
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| Performance Criteria | |
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| References | |
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| Draining the Roof | |
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| Why Drain the Roof? | |
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| Life-Cycle Costing Example | |
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| How to Drain the Roof | |
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| Drainage Design | |
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| Draining an Existing Roof | |
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| Alerts | |
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| Design | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| References | |
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| Structural Deck | |
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| Deck Materials | |
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| Design Factors | |
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| Slope | |
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| Deflection | |
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| Dimensional Stability | |
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| Moisture Absorption | |
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| Anchorage of Components | |
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| Deck Surface and Joints | |
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| Steel Decks | |
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| Recommendations for Steel Decks | |
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| Alerts | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Thermal Design | |
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| Thermal Insulating Materials | |
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| Rigid Board Insulation | |
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| Poured-in-Place Insulating Concrete Fill | |
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| Design Factors | |
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| Strength Requirements | |
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| Moisture Absorption | |
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| Venting | |
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| Dimensional Stability | |
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| Tapered Insulation | |
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| Anchoring Insulation to the Deck | |
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| Solid Bearing for Insulation Boards | |
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| Refrigerated Interiors | |
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| Effects of Increased Insulation Thickness | |
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| Joint Taping | |
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| Double-Layered Insulation | |
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| Principles of Thermal Insulation | |
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| Moisture Reduction of Insulating Value | |
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| Heat-Flow Calculation | |
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| Heat Gain or Loss | |
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| Cool Roofs | |
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| Principles of Radiant Heat Transfer | |
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| Complicating Factors | |
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| California Cool | |
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| Seasonal Factors | |
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| ANSI/IESNA | |
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| ASHRAE Standard 90.1 | |
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| Alerts | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Vapor Control | |
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| Fundamentals of Vapor Flow | |
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| Techniques for Controlling Moisture | |
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| General Ventilation | |
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| Vapor Retarder | |
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| Self-Drying Roof System | |
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| The Futility of Topside Venting | |
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| Theory of Vapor Migration | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Air Leakage | |
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| Air Barriers | |
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| Sample Vapor-Retarder Calculation | |
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| Alerts | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Wind Uplift | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Mechanics of Wind-Uplift Pressure | |
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| Basic Wind-Speed Determinants | |
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| Building Shape, Size, and Enclosure | |
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| Determining Final Wind-Uplift Pressure | |
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| Procedure for Calculating Design Wind Pressure | |
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| Design Example: Anchored System | |
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| SEI/ASCE 7-02 versus FM Global | |
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| Perimeter Flashing Failures | |
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| Wind-Uplift Mechanics on Ballasted Roofs | |
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| Gravel Blowoff and Scour | |
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| Wind-Uplift Design for Ballasted, Single-Ply Roof Assemblies | |
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| Basic Ballasted Wind-Design Systems | |
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| PMR Wind Design | |
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| Retroactive Redesign | |
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| Design Example for Ballasted, Loose-Laid System | |
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| Wind-Uplift Testing | |
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| Laboratory Tests | |
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| Field Wind-Uplift Tests | |
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| Repair Procedures after Wind-Uplift Failure | |
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| Mechanical Fasteners | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Fire Resistance | |
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| Nature of Fire Hazards | |
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| External Fire Resistance | |
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| Internal Fire Hazards | |
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| Below-Deck Fire Tests and Standards | |
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| Flame-Spread Test | |
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| FM Fire Classification | |
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| Time-Temperature Ratings | |
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| Fire Rating versus Insulating Efficiency | |
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| Building Code Provisions | |
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| Alert | |
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| Historical Background of Contemporary Roof Systems | |
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| Built-up Bituminous Membranes | |
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| The First-Generation Single-Ply Pioneers | |
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| The Cold-Process Dead End | |
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| The Second-Generation Success | |
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| New Roof Systems | |
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| Modified Bitumens | |
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| Elements of Built-up Membranes | |
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| Membrane Materials | |
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| Roofing Bitumens | |
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| Incompatibility of Asphalt and Coal Tar Pitch | |
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| Coal Tar Pitch versus Asphalt | |
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| Felts | |
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| Surfacing | |
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| Smooth-Surfaced Membrane | |
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| Mineral-Surfaced Roll Roofing | |
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| Heat-Reflective Surfacings | |
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| Built-up Membrane Specifications | |
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| Shingling of Felts | |
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| Coated Base Sheet | |
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| Phased Application | |
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| Temporary Roofs | |
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| Joints in Built-up Membranes | |
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| Membrane Performance Standards | |
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| BUR Failure Modes | |
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| Blisters | |
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| Splitting | |
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| Ridging | |
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| Membrane Slippage | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Modified-Bitumen Membranes | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Modified-Bitumen Materials | |
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| Rubberizing Polymers | |
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| Reinforcement | |
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| Surfacing | |
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| Modified-Bitumen Specifications | |
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| Modified-Bitumen Flashings | |
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| Performance Criteria for Modified Bitumens | |
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| Modified-Bitumen Failure Modes | |
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| Defective Lap Seams | |
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| Checking | |
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| Shrinkage | |
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| Blistering | |
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| Delamination | |
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| Slippage | |
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| Splitting | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Elastomeric Membranes | |
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| Basic Material | |
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| Field Seaming | |
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| Flashings | |
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| Mechanically Fastened Systems | |
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| Elastomeric Failure Modes | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Weldable Thermoplastics | |
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| Materials | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Flashings | |
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| Failure Modes | |
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| Alerts | |
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| References | |
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| Flashings | |
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| Flashing Functions and Requirements | |
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| Materials | |
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| Base Flashing Materials | |
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| Counterflashing Materials | |
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| Principles of Flashing Design | |
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| Eliminating Penetrations | |
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| Reducing Openings | |
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| Flashing Elevation | |
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| Differential Movement | |
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| Flashing Contours and Cants | |
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| Flashing Connections | |
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| Specific Flashing Conditions | |
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| Edge Details | |
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| Vertical Flashings | |
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| Roof Penetrations | |
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| Expansion-Contraction Joints | |
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| Water Conductors | |
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| Flashing Failures | |
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| Sagging | |
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| Ponding Leakage | |
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| Diagonal Wrinkling | |
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| Postconstruction Damage | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| Standard Details | |
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| Protected Membrane Roofs and Waterproofed Decks | |
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| Why the Protected Membrane Roof? | |
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| How PMR Changes Component Requirements | |
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| PMR Design and Construction | |
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| Drain Location | |
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| PMR Flashings | |
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| PMR Insulation Performance Requirements | |
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| Thermal Quality of PMR Insulation | |
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| Refinements in Locating PMR Insulation | |
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| Surfacing Protected Membrane Roofs | |
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| Life-Cycle Costing | |
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| Waterproofed Deck Systems | |
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| Structural Decks | |
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| Membranes | |
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| Protection Boards | |
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| Drainage Design | |
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| Aggregate Percolation versus Open Subsurface Drainage | |
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| Insulation | |
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| Flashing | |
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| Wearing Surface Design | |
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| Plaza "Furniture" | |
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| Detailing | |
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| Flood Testing | |
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| Alerts (for PMRs) | |
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| Alerts (for Waterproofed Decks) | |
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| Design | |
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| Field | |
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| References | |
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| Sprayed Polyurethane | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Materials | |
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| Polyurethane Foam | |
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| Membrane Coating | |
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| Surfacing Aggregate | |
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| Detailing SPF Systems | |
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| Application Requirements | |
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| Foam Application | |
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| Coating Application | |
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| Quality Assurance | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| Design | |
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| Application | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| References | |
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| Metal Roof Systems | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Metal Roof Concepts and Terminology | |
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| Design Factors | |
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| Thermal Movement | |
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| Drainage | |
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| Condensation | |
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| Penetrations | |
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| Wind-Uplift Resistance | |
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| Corrosion Protection | |
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| Metal Roofing Accessories | |
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| Thermal Insulation | |
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| Underlayments | |
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| Vapor Retarders | |
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| Detailing Metal Roofing | |
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| Metal-Roof-System Defects | |
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| Aesthetic Problems | |
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| Functional Problems | |
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| Metal Roof Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Field Inspections | |
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| Quality Assurance | |
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| QA Inspections | |
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| Application Checklists | |
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| Visual Roof Surveys | |
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| Nondestructive Moisture Detection | |
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| Benefits of Nondestructive Moisture Detection | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Principles of Nondestructive Moisture Detection | |
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| Other Moisture-Detection Techniques | |
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| References | |
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| Reroofing and Repair | |
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| Re-covering or Tearoff-Replacement? | |
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| Investigation and Analysis | |
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| Preliminary Investigation | |
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| Leak-Detection Technique | |
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| Visual Inspection and Analysis | |
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| Field-Test Cuts | |
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| Large-Scale Moisture Surveys | |
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| Assessment for Remedial Action | |
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| New Performance Criteria | |
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| Reroofing Specifications | |
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| Isolating the New Membrane | |
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| Flashings | |
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| Surface Preparation of Existing Membrane | |
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| Retrofit Metal Roofing | |
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| Alerts | |
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| For Replacement Bituminous Roof Membranes | |
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| For Loose-Laid Synthetic Single-Ply Membranes | |
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| For Sprayed Polyurethane Foam (Plus Fluid-Applied Coating) | |
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| Roof-System Specifications | |
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| Specifications and Drawings | |
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| Drawing Requirements | |
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| Specification Requirements | |
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| Writing Style | |
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| Specifying Methods | |
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| Master Specification | |
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| Division of Responsibility | |
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| Temporary Roofing | |
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| Special Requirements | |
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| Specifying New Roofing Products | |
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| Quality Assurance | |
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| Coordination | |
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| Test Cuts | |
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| Alerts | |
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| General | |
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| New Products | |
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| General Field | |
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| Technical | |
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| References | |
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| Roofing Guarantees and Warranties | |
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| Manufacturer's Bond | |
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| Manufacturer's Warranty | |
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| Analyzing the Warranty | |
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| Warranty Checklist | |
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| Roofer's Guarantee | |
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| Roof-Maintenance Program | |
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| Glossary of Roofing-Related Terms | |
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| ASTM International Conversion Factors and Roofing Standards | |
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| Index and Abstracts of ASTM Test Methods for Roofing Materials | |
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| Index | |