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Preface | |
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Measuring, Recording and Monitoring Instruments | |
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Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation | |
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Anatomy and Physiology | |
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Physiological Systems of the Body | |
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Sources of Biomedical Signals | |
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Basic Medical Instrumentation System | |
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Performance Requirements of Medical Instrumentation Systems | |
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Intelligent Medical Instrumentation Systems | |
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General Constraints in Design of Medical Instrumentation Systems | |
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Regulation of Medical Devices | |
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Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes | |
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Origin of Bioelectric Signals | |
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Recording Electrodes | |
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Silver-silver Chloride Electrodes | |
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Electrodes for ECG | |
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Electrodes for EEG | |
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Electrodes for EMG | |
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Electrical Conductivity of Electrode Jellies and Creams | |
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Microelectrodes | |
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Physiological Transducers | |
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Introduction | |
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Classification of Transducers | |
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Performance Characteristics of Transducers | |
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Displacement, Position and Motion Transducers | |
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Pressure Transducers | |
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Transducers for Body Temperature Measurement | |
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Photoelectric Transducers | |
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Optical Fibre Sensors | |
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Biosensors | |
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Smart Sensors | |
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Recording Systems | |
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Basic Recording System | |
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General Considerations for Signal Conditioners | |
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Preamplifiers | |
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Sources of Noise in Low Level Measurements | |
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Biomedical Signal Analysis Techniques | |
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Signal Processing Techniques | |
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The Main Amplifier and Driver Stage | |
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Writing Systems | |
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Direct Writing Recorders | |
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The Ink Jet Recorder | |
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Potentiometric Recorder | |
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Digital Recorders | |
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Instrumentation Tape Recorders | |
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Biomedical Recorders | |
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Electrocardiograph | |
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Vectorcardiograph (VCG) | |
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Phonocardiograph (PCG) | |
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Electroencephalograph (EEG) | |
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Electromyograph (EMG) | |
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Other Biomedical Recorders | |
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Biofeedback Instrumentation | |
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Patient Monitoring Systems | |
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System Concepts | |
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Cardiac Monitor | |
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Bedside Patient Monitoring Systems | |
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Central Monitors | |
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Measurement of Heart Rate | |
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Measurement of Pulse Rate | |
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Blood Pressure Measurement | |
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Measurement of Temperature | |
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Measurement of Respiration Rate | |
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Catheterization Laboratory Instrumentation | |
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Arrhythmia and Ambulatory Monitoring Instruments | |
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Cardiac Arrhythmias | |
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Arrhythmia Monitor | |
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QRS Detection Techniques | |
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Exercise Stress Testing | |
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Ambulatory Monitoring Instruments | |
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Foetal Monitoring Instruments | |
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Cardiotocograph | |
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Methods of Monitoring Foetal Heart Rate | |
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Monitoring Labour Activity | |
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Recording System | |
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Biomedical Telemetry and Telemedicine | |
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Wireless Telemetry | |
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Single Channel Telemetry Systems | |
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Multi-channel Wireless Telemetry Systems | |
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Multi-patient Telemetry | |
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Implantable Telemetry Systems | |
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Transmission of Analog Physiological Signals Over Telephone | |
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Telemedicine | |
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Oximeters | |
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Oximetry | |
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Ear Oximeter | |
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Pulse Oximeter | |
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Skin Reflectance Oximeters | |
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Intravascular Oximeter | |
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Blood Flowmeters | |
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Electromagnetic Blood Flowmeter | |
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Types of Electromagnetic Flowmeters | |
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Ultrasonic Blood Flowmeters | |
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NMR Blood Flowmeter | |
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Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter | |
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Cardiac Output Measurement | |
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Indicator Dilution Method | |
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Dye Dilution Method | |
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Thermal Dilution Techniques | |
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Measurement of Continuous Cardiac Output Derived from the Aortic Pressure Waveform | |
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Impedance Technique | |
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Ultrasound Method | |
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Pulmonary Function Analysers | |
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Pulmonary Function Measurements | |
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Spirometry | |
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Pneumotachometers | |
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Measurement of Volume | |
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Pulmonary Function Analyzers | |
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Respiratory Gas Analyzers | |
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Clinical Laboratory Instruments | |
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Medical Diagnosis with Chemical Tests | |
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Spectrophotometry | |
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Spectrophotometer Type Instruments | |
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Colorimeters | |
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Spectrophotometers | |
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Automated Biochemical Analysis Systems | |
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Clinical Flame Photometers | |
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Selective-ion Electrodes Based Electrolytes Analyzer | |
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Blood Gas Analyzers | |
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Acid-base Balance | |
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Blood pH Measurement | |
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Measurement of Blood PCO[subscript 2] | |
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Blood pO[subscript 2] Measurement | |
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Intra-arterial Blood Gas Monitoring | |
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A Complete Blood Gas Analyzer | |
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Blood Cell Counters | |
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Types of Blood Cells | |
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Methods of Cell Counting | |
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Coulter Counters | |
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Automatic Recognition and Differential Counting of Cells | |
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Audiometers and Hearing Aids | |
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Mechanism of Hearing | |
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Measurement of Sound | |
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Basic Audiometer | |
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Pure Tone Audiometer | |
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Speech Audiometer | |
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Audiometer System Bekesy | |
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Evoked Response Audiometry System | |
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Calibration of Audiometers | |
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Hearing Aids | |
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Patient Safety | |
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Electric Shock Hazards | |
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Leakage Currents | |
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Safety Codes for Electromedical Equipment | |
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Electrical Safety Analyzer | |
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Testing of Biomedical Equipment | |
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Modern Imaging Systems | |
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X-ray Machines and Digital Radiography | |
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Basis of Diagnostic Radiology | |
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Nature of X-rays | |
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Production of X-rays | |
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X-ray Machine | |
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Visualization of X-rays | |
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Dental X-ray Machines | |
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Portable and Mobile X-ray Units | |
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Physical Parameters for X-ray Detectors | |
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Digital Radiography | |
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X-ray Computed Tomography | |
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Computed Tomography | |
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System Components | |
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Gantry Geometry | |
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Patient Dose in CT Scanners | |
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Nuclear Medical Imaging Systems | |
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Radio-isotopes in Medical Diagnosis | |
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Physics of Radioactivity | |
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Radiation Detectors | |
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Pulse Height Analyser | |
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Uptake Monitoring Equipment | |
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Radio-isotope Rectilinear Scanner | |
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The Gamma Camera | |
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Multi-crystal Gamma Cameras | |
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Emission Computed Tomography (ECT) | |
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Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) | |
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scanner) | |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging System | |
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Principles of NMR Imaging Systems | |
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Image Reconstruction Techniques | |
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Basic NMR Components | |
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Biological Effects of NMR Imaging | |
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Advantages of NMR Imaging System | |
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Ultrasonic Imaging Systems | |
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Diagnostic Ultrasound | |
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Physics of Ultrasonic Waves | |
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Medical Ultrasound | |
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Basic Pulse-echo Apparatus | |
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A-Scan | |
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Echocardiograph (M-mode) | |
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B-Scanner | |
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Real-time Ultrasonic Imaging Systems | |
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Multi-element Linear Array Scanners | |
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Digital Scan Converter | |
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Biological Effects of Ultrasound | |
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Thermal Imaging Systems | |
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Medical Thermography | |
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Physics of Thermography | |
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Infrared Detectors | |
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Thermographic Equipment | |
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Quantitative Medical Thermography | |
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Pyroelectric Vidicon Camera | |
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Thermal Camera Based on IR Sensor with Digital Focal Plane Array | |
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Therapeutic Equipment | |
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Cardiac Pacemakers | |
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Need for Cardiac Pacemaker | |
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External Pacemakers | |
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Implantable Pacemakers | |
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Recent Developments in Implantable Pacemakers | |
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Pacing System Analyser | |
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Cardiac Defibrillators | |
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Need for a Defibrillator | |
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DC Defibrillator | |
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Implantable Defibrillators | |
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Pacer-cardioverter-defibrillator | |
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Defibrillator Analysers | |
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Instruments for Surgery | |
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Principle of Surgical Diathermy | |
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Surgical Diathermy Machine | |
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Safety Aspects in Electro-surgical Units | |
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Surgical Diathermy Analysers | |
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Laser Applications in Biomedical Field | |
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The Laser | |
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Pulsed Ruby Laser | |
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Nd-YAG Laser | |
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Helium-Neon Laser | |
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Argon Laser | |
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CO[subscript 2] Laser | |
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Excimer Lasers | |
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Semiconductor Lasers | |
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Laser Safety | |
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Physiotherapy and Electrotherapy Equipment | |
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High Frequency Heat Therapy | |
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Short-wave Diathermy | |
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Microwave Diathermy | |
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Ultrasonic Therapy Unit | |
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Electrodiagnostic/Therapeutic Apparatus | |
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Pain Relief Through Electrical Stimulation | |
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Diaphragm Pacing by Radio-frequency for the Treatment of Chronic Ventilatory Insufficiency | |
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Bladder Stimulators | |
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Cerebellar Stimulators | |
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Haemodialysis Machines | |
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Function of the Kidneys | |
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Artificial Kidney | |
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Dialyzers | |
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Membranes for Haemodialysis | |
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Haemodialysis Machine | |
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Portable Kidney Machines | |
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Lithotriptors | |
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The Stone Disease Problem | |
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First Lithotriptor Machine | |
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Modern Lithotriptor Systems | |
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Extra-corporeal Shock-wave Therapy | |
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Anaesthesia Machine | |
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Need for Anaesthesia | |
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Anaesthesia Machine | |
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Electronics in the Anaesthetic Machine | |
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Ventilators | |
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Mechanics of Respiration | |
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Artificial Ventilation | |
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Ventilators | |
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Types of Ventilators | |
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Ventilator Terms | |
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Classification of Ventilators | |
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Pressure-volume-flow Diagrams | |
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Modern Ventilators | |
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High Frequency Ventilators | |
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Humidifiers, Nebulizers and Aspirators | |
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Radiotherapy Equipment | |
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Use of High Voltage X-ray Machines | |
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Development of Betatron | |
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Cobalt-60 Machine | |
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Medical Linear Accelerator Machine | |
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Automated Drug Delivery Systems | |
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Infusion Pumps | |
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Components of Drugs Infusion Systems | |
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Implantable Infusion Systems | |
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Closed-loop Control in Infusion Systems | |
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Examples of Typical Infusion Pumps | |
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References | |
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Index | |