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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| List of Acronyms | |
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| Introduction to Radar Systems | |
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| History and Applications of Radar | |
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| Basic Radar Functions | |
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| Elements of a Pulsed Radar | |
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| Transmitter and waveform generator | |
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| Antennas | |
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| Receivers | |
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| Review of Selected Signal Processing Concepts and Operations | |
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| Resolution | |
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| Spatial frequency | |
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| Fourier transforms | |
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| The sampling theorem and spectrum replication | |
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| Vector representation of signals | |
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| Data integration | |
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| Correlation | |
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| A Preview of Basic Radar Signal Processing | |
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| Radar time scales | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Signal conditioning and interference suppression | |
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| Imaging | |
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| Detection | |
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| Postprocessing | |
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| Radar Literature | |
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| Radar systems and components | |
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| Radar signal processing | |
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| Advanced radar signal processing | |
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| Current radar research | |
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| References | |
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| Signal Models | |
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| Components of a Radar Signal | |
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| Amplitude Models | |
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| Simple point target radar range equation | |
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| Distributed target forms of the range equation | |
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| Radar cross section | |
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| Radar cross section for meteorological targets | |
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| Statistical description of radar cross section | |
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| Swerling models | |
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| Clutter | |
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| Behavior of [phi superscript 0] | |
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| Signal-to-clutter ratio | |
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| Temporal and spatial correlation of clutter | |
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| Compound models of radar cross section | |
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| Noise Model and Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
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| Jamming | |
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| Frequency Models: The Doppler Shift | |
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| Doppler shift | |
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| Simplified approach to Doppler shift | |
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| The "stop-and-hop" assumption and spatial Doppler | |
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| Spatial Models | |
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| Variation with angle or cross-range | |
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| Variation with range | |
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| Projections | |
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| Multipath | |
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| Spectral Model | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Sampling and Quantization of Pulsed Radar Signals | |
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| Domains and Criteria for Sampling Radar Signals | |
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| Time and frequency samples | |
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| Spatial samples | |
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| Sampling criteria | |
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| Sampling in the Fast Time Dimension | |
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| Sampling in Slow Time: Selecting the Pulse Repetition Interval | |
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| Sampling the Doppler Spectrum | |
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| The Nyquist rate in Doppler | |
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| Straddle loss | |
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| Sampling in the Spatial and Angle Dimensions | |
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| Phased array element spacing | |
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| Antenna beam spacing | |
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| Quantization | |
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| I/Q Imbalance and Digital I/Q | |
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| I/Q imbalance and offset | |
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| Correcting I/Q errors | |
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| Digital I/Q | |
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| References | |
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| Radar Waveforms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Waveform Matched Filter | |
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| The matched filter | |
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| Matched filter for the simple pulse | |
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| All-range matched filtering | |
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| Range resolution of the matched filter | |
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| Matched Filtering of Moving Targets | |
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| The Ambiguity Function | |
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| Definition and properties of the ambiguity function | |
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| Ambiguity function of the simple pulse | |
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| The Pulse Burst Waveform | |
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| Matched filter for the pulse burst waveform | |
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| Pulse-by-pulse processing | |
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| Range ambiguity | |
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| Doppler response of the pulse burst waveform | |
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| Ambiguity function for the pulse burst waveform | |
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| Relation of slow-time spectrum to ambiguity function | |
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| Frequency-Modulated Pulse Compression Waveforms | |
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| Linear frequency modulation | |
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| The principle of stationary phase | |
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| Ambiguity function of the LFM waveform | |
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| Range-Doppler coupling | |
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| Stretch processing | |
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| Range Side Lobe Control for FM Waveforms | |
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| Matched filter frequency response shaping | |
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| Waveform spectrum shaping | |
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| The Stepped Frequency Waveform | |
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| Phase-Modulated Pulse Compression Waveforms | |
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| Biphase codes | |
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| Polyphase codes | |
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| Costas Frequency Codes | |
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| References | |
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| Doppler Processing | |
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| Alternate Forms of the Doppler Spectrum | |
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| Moving Target Indication (MTI) | |
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| Pulse cancellers | |
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| Vector formulation of the matched filter | |
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| Matched filters for clutter suppression | |
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| Blind speeds and staggered PRFs | |
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| MTI figures of merit | |
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| Limitations to MTI performance | |
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| Pulse Doppler Processing | |
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| The discrete time Fourier transform of a moving target | |
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| Sampling the DTFT: the discrete Fourier transform | |
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| Matched filter and filterbank interpretations of pulse Doppler processing with the DFT | |
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| Fine Doppler estimation | |
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| Modern spectral estimation in pulse Doppler processing | |
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| Dwell-to-dwell stagger | |
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| Pulse Pair Processing | |
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| Additional Doppler Processing Issues | |
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| Combined MTI and pulse Doppler processing | |
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| Transient effects | |
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| PRF Regimes and Ambiguity Resolution | |
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| Clutter Mapping and the Moving Target Detector | |
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| Clutter mapping | |
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| The moving target detector | |
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| MTI for Moving Plateforms: Adaptive Displaced Phase Center Antenna Processing | |
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| The DPCA concept | |
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| Adaptive DPCA | |
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| References | |
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| Detection Fundamentals | |
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| Radar Detection as Hypothesis Testing | |
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| The Neyman-Pearson detection rule | |
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| The likelihood ratio test | |
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| Threshold Detection in Coherent Systems | |
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| The Gaussian case for coherent receivers | |
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| Unknown parameters and threshold detection | |
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| Linear and square-law detectors | |
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| Other unknown parameters | |
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| Threshold Detection of Radar Signals | |
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| Coherent, noncoherent, and binary integration | |
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| Nonfluctuating targets | |
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| Albersheim's equation | |
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| Fluctuating targets | |
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| Shnidman's equation | |
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| Binary integration | |
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| Useful Numerical Approximations | |
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| Approximations to the error function | |
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| Approximations to the magnitude function | |
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| References | |
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| Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Detection | |
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| The Effect of Unknown Interference Power on False Alarm Probability | |
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| Cell-Averaging CFAR | |
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| The effect of varying P[subscript FA] | |
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| The cell-averaging CFAR concept | |
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| CFAR reference windows | |
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| Analysis of Cell-Averaging CFAR | |
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| Derivation of CA CFAR threshold | |
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| Cell-averaging CFAR performance | |
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| CFAR loss | |
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| CA CFAR Limitations | |
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| Target masking | |
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| Clutter edges | |
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| Extensions to Cell-Averaging CFAR | |
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| Order Statistic CFAR | |
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| Additional CFAR Topics | |
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| Adaptive CFAR | |
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| Two-parameter CFAR | |
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| Clutter map CFAR | |
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| Distribution-free CFAR | |
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| System-level control of false alarms | |
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| References | |
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| Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Imaging | |
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| Introduction to SAR Fundamentals | |
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| Cross-range resolution in radar | |
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| The synthetic aperture viewpoint | |
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| Doppler viewpoint | |
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| SAR coverage and sampling | |
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| Stripmap SAR Data Characteristics | |
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| Stripmap SAR Geometry | |
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| Stripmap SAR data set | |
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| Stripmap SAR Image Formation Algorithms | |
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| Doppler beam sharpening | |
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| Quadratic phase error effects | |
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| Range-Doppler algorithms | |
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| Depth of focus | |
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| Spotlight SAR Data Characteristics | |
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| The Polar Format Image Formation Algorithm for Spotlight SAR | |
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| Interferometric SAR | |
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| The effect of height on a SAR image | |
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| IFSAR processing steps | |
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| Other Considerations | |
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| Motion compensation and autofocus | |
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| Autofocus | |
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| Speckle reduction | |
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| References | |
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| Introduction to Beamforming and Space-Time Adaptive Processing | |
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| Spatial Filtering | |
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| Conventional beamforming | |
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| Adaptive beamforming | |
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| Adaptive beamforming with preprocessing | |
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| Space-Time Signal Environment | |
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| Space-Time Signal Modeling | |
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| Processing the Space-Time Signal | |
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| Optimum matched filtering | |
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| STAP metrics | |
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| Relation to displaced phase center antenna processing | |
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| Adaptive matched filtering | |
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| Computational Issues in STAP | |
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| Power domain solution | |
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| Computational load of the power domain solution | |
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| Voltage domain solution and computational load | |
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| Conversion to computational rates | |
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| Reduced-Dimension STAP | |
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| Advanced STAP Algorithms and Analysis | |
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| Limitation to STAP | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |