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Physiological Chemistry and Bonding | |
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Water as biochemical solvent | |
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Hydrogen bonding | |
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pH and buffers | |
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Other non-covalent interactions | |
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Fat-water interfaces | |
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Protein Structure and Function | |
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Amino acids | |
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Primary structure—protein sequence | |
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Secondary structures—�-helix and �-sheet | |
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Tertiary structure—domains | |
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Quaternary structure—subunits | |
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Fibrous proteins—collagen and elastin | |
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Globular proteins—myoglobin and hemoglobin | |
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Folding and chaperones | |
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Enzyme Structure and Function | |
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Types of enzymes—classification | |
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Kinetics—Michaelis-Menten enzymes | |
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Inhibition | |
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Allosteric regulation | |
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Mechanisms—chymotrypsin and ribonuclease | |
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DNA Structure and Function | |
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Purine and pyrimidine bases | |
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The DNA molecule | |
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Packaging into chromatin | |
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Replication | |
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Recombination and repair | |
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RNA Structure and Function | |
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RNA structures—mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | |
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Transcription | |
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Splicing | |
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Ribonucleoprotein complexes | |
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DNA and Chromosome Analysis | |
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Hybridization | |
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Nucleic acid electrophoresis | |
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Northern and Southern blotting | |
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RFLP analysis | |
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Polymerase chain reaction | |
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Allele-specific oligonucleotides | |
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Fluorescence in situ hybridization | |
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Control of Gene Expression | |
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The lac operon | |
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The Trp operon | |
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Eukaryotic promoters, enhancers and repressors | |
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Transcription factors | |
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Methylation and acetylation | |
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Protein Biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking | |
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Translation | |
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Post-translational modification | |
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Secretion | |
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Intracellular targeting | |
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Lysosomal degradation | |
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Proteosomal degradation | |
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Biological Membranes | |
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The lipid bilayer | |
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Transport | |
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Junctions and intercellular communication | |
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Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix | |
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Microtubules and microfilaments | |
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Integrins and focal adhesions | |
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Extracellular matrix proteins | |
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Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans | |
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Motility | |
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Overview of Metabolic Relationships | |
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Digestion of nutrients | |
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Catabolism | |
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anabolism | |
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Carbohydrates | |
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Lipids | |
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Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
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Glycolysis | |
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Anaerobic glycolysis | |
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Aerobic glycolysis | |
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway | |
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Hexose Regulation | |
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Gluconeogenesis | |
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Glycogen biosynthesis and glycogenolysis | |
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Hexose metabolism | |
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Pyruvate Oxidation | |
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Biosynthesis of Acetyl-CoA | |
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Steps of the TCA Cycle | |
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Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase | |
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Regulation of the TCA cycle | |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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Transfer of electrons to Complex I | |
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Delivery of electrons through Complex II | |
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Ubiquinone and common steps in electron transfer | |
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Creation of a pH gradient during electron transfer | |
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Utilization of the pH gradient to form ATP | |
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Inhibitors of ATP biosynthesis | |
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Stoichiometry of ATP biosynthesis | |
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Lipid Metabolism | |
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Fatty acid biosynthesis | |
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Fatty acid degradation | |
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Formation of triglycerides | |
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Glycolipid biosynthesis | |
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Eicosanoid biosynthesis | |
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Cholesterol Biosynthesis | |
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Lipoproteins | |
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Amino Acid Metabolism | |
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Nitrogen metabolism | |
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Essential amino acids | |
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Catabolism of amino acids | |
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Biosynthesis of amino acids | |
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Biosynthesis of porphyrins | |
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Nucleic Acid Metabolism | |
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Biosynthesis of purines | |
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Biosynthesis of pyrimidines | |
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Biosynthesis of deoxynucleotides | |
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Salvage pathways of bases | |
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Degradation of purines | |
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Degradation of pyrimidines | |
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Nutritional Biochemistry | |
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General Nutritional Requirements | |
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Vitamins | |
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Water-soluble | |
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Fat-soluble | |
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Essential inorganic nutrients | |
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Essential amino acids E. | |