Introduction | p. xi |
Transmission Network Fundamentals | p. 1 |
Transmission Network Media | p. 1 |
Wireline Systems | p. 2 |
Wireless Systems | p. 3 |
Alternatives | p. 4 |
Basic Terminology | p. 6 |
E1 and T1 | p. 6 |
PDH, SDH, and SONET | p. 8 |
ATM | p. 12 |
Transmission Network Topology | p. 13 |
Transmission Network Performance | p. 15 |
Network Synchronization | p. 17 |
Network Delays | p. 19 |
References | p. 20 |
Basics of Microwave Communications | p. 21 |
Radio Frequency Spectrum | p. 21 |
Structure and Characteristics of the Earth's Atmosphere | p. 22 |
Radio Propagation | p. 23 |
Microwave and Millimeter Waves | p. 23 |
Line-of-Sight Considerations | p. 24 |
Earth Radius and k-Factor | p. 26 |
Standard Propagation Mechanisms | p. 29 |
Anomalous Propagation Mechanisms | p. 30 |
About Propagation Conditions | p. 32 |
Digital Microwave Point-to-Point Systems | p. 33 |
Microwave Radio Basics | p. 33 |
Fresnel Zones and Clearance Rules | p. 36 |
Near and Far Fields | p. 38 |
Link Budget | p. 39 |
Microwave Systems for Rapid Deployment | p. 41 |
Over-the-Horizon Microwave Systems | p. 46 |
Other Microwave Systems | p. 47 |
Point-to-Multipoint Systems | p. 47 |
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) | p. 49 |
Bluetooth | p. 51 |
References | p. 52 |
Microwave Link Design | p. 53 |
Design Process Flowchart | p. 53 |
The Loss/Attenuation Calculations | p. 53 |
Propagation Losses | p. 54 |
Ground Reflection | p. 57 |
Fading and Fade Margins | p. 59 |
Multipath Fading | p. 59 |
Rain Fading | p. 65 |
Refraction-Diffraction Fading | p. 67 |
Interference Fade Margins | p. 67 |
Composite Fade Margin | p. 69 |
Microwave Link Multipath Outage Models | p. 69 |
Vigants North American Multipath Outage Model | p. 70 |
ITU-R Multipath Outage Model | p. 71 |
Quality and Availability Calculations | p. 73 |
G.821 and G.826 | p. 74 |
Quality and Unavailability Objectives | p. 76 |
Rain Attenuation Calculations | p. 77 |
Crane model | p. 79 |
ITU-R Model | p. 80 |
Comparison of ITU and Crane Models | p. 81 |
Reducing the Effects of Rain | p. 83 |
Improving the Microwave System | p. 84 |
Hardware Redundancy | p. 84 |
Diversity Improvement | p. 85 |
Antireflective Systems | p. 91 |
Repeaters | p. 92 |
References | p. 95 |
Planning the Microwave Network | p. 97 |
The Microwave Network Planning Process | p. 97 |
Microwave Systems in Wireless Networks | p. 99 |
Backhaul in Wireless Networks | p. 99 |
Wireless Network Design for Coverage and Capacity | p. 100 |
New Generation of Wireless Networks | p. 101 |
Replacing Leased Lines with the Microwave System | p. 104 |
Microwave Systems in Utility Telecom Networks | p. 108 |
SCADA | p. 108 |
Electric Transmission Towers in Telecom Networks | p. 109 |
Topology and Capacity Planning | p. 109 |
Transmission Network Capacity Requirements | p. 109 |
Chain and Tandem Topology | p. 110 |
Simple Star Network | p. 110 |
Network with Hubs | p. 112 |
Ring Topology | p. 112 |
Mesh Topology | p. 113 |
Transmission Network Optimization | p. 114 |
References | p. 114 |
Microwave Network Design | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 117 |
Spectrum Management | p. 117 |
Availability of Spectrum | p. 117 |
Intersystem and Intrasystem Frequency Coordination | p. 119 |
Spectrum Sweep | p. 119 |
Interference Effects and Frequency Sharing | p. 120 |
Interference Paths | p. 120 |
Collocation of Radio Stations | p. 122 |
Minimizing Near and Far Interference | p. 123 |
Frequency Planning | p. 125 |
Microwave Design Tools | p. 131 |
Microwave Systems Engineering | p. 132 |
System Documentation | p. 132 |
Equipment Availability Calculations | p. 133 |
Tips, Hints, and Suggestions | p. 134 |
Basic Recommendations | p. 134 |
Difficult Areas for Microwave Links | p. 136 |
References | p. 137 |
Microwave Deployment | p. 139 |
Introduction | p. 139 |
Digital Microwave Radio | p. 140 |
Microwave Radio Configurations | p. 140 |
Basic Microwave Radio Parameters | p. 140 |
Radio Performance Improvement | p. 143 |
T/I Curves | p. 150 |
Service Telephone Network | p. 150 |
Duplexers | p. 151 |
Environmental Requirements | p. 153 |
Network Management System | p. 153 |
Microwave Compatibility and Safety | p. 155 |
Microwave Radio Installation | p. 156 |
Digital Multiplexers | p. 157 |
Cabling and Signal Termination | p. 159 |
Metallic Cables and Ground Potential Rise | p. 160 |
Fiber-Optic Cables | p. 160 |
Digital Signal Cross-Connects | p. 161 |
Microwave Antennas, Radomes, and Transmission Lines | p. 162 |
Basic Antenna Parameters | p. 163 |
Microwave Antenna Selection | p. 166 |
Microwave Antenna Installation | p. 168 |
Transmission Line Installation | p. 171 |
Installation Safety and Security Issues | p. 172 |
Return Loss Measurements | p. 173 |
GIS Data | p. 174 |
Datums and Geometric Earth Models | p. 174 |
Coordinate Systems | p. 176 |
The Global Positioning Systems | p. 177 |
DEM Data | p. 177 |
Magnetic and True North | p. 178 |
Field Surveys | p. 181 |
Site Surveys | p. 181 |
Path Surveys | p. 182 |
Housing the Equipment | p. 183 |
Shelters | p. 183 |
Cabinets | p. 184 |
Equipment Room | p. 185 |
Microwave Antenna Mounting Structures | p. 186 |
Monopoles, Self-Support Towers, and Guyed Towers | p. 187 |
Minimum Visual Impact and Other Antenna Mounting Structures | p. 190 |
Maximum Allowed Antenna Deflection | p. 192 |
Communication Tower Requirements | p. 192 |
Power Supply and Battery Backup | p. 199 |
DC Power | p. 199 |
Batteries | p. 200 |
AC Power | p. 201 |
Solar Energy | p. 201 |
Grounding, Lightning, and Surge Protection | p. 202 |
Grounding | p. 202 |
Surge Suppressors | p. 204 |
Microwave Testing and Troubleshooting | p. 205 |
Factory Acceptance Testing | p. 205 |
Field Acceptance Testing | p. 206 |
Bit Error Rate Testing (BERT) | p. 208 |
Troubleshooting Microwave System | p. 209 |
References | p. 210 |
Project Management | p. 211 |
Tracking Microwave Rollout | p. 211 |
Project Management Activities | p. 211 |
Project Kick-Off Meeting | p. 213 |
Network Planning | p. 214 |
Project Approval | p. 215 |
Site Acquisition | p. 216 |
Detailed Network Design | p. 217 |
Equipment and Services Procurement | p. 218 |
Site Ready for Installation | p. 221 |
Equipment Installation | p. 222 |
Acceptance Testing | p. 223 |
As-Built Documentation | p. 223 |
Commissioning | p. 224 |
Maintenance Program | p. 225 |
Regulatory Issues | p. 225 |
FAA and FCC | p. 225 |
FCC Frequency Coordination Process | p. 227 |
Homologation | p. 229 |
Other Regulatory Issues | p. 230 |
Logistical and Organizational Challenges | p. 231 |
Project Controls and Reporting | p. 231 |
Outsourcing Services | p. 233 |
Time and Resource Management | p. 235 |
Project Management Tools | p. 237 |
Ethical Issues | p. 238 |
Code of Ethics | p. 238 |
Practical Examples of Ethnical Dilemmas | p. 239 |
References | p. 240 |
American Cable Stranding | p. 243 |
Quick RF Reference Sheet | p. 245 |
Units of Conversion | p. 247 |
Glossary | p. 249 |
Index | p. 265 |
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