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| About the Author | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Preface | |
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| Cellular Radio History and Development | |
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| Definition of Cellular Radio: The Cellular Concept | |
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| Cellular System Objectives | |
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| AMPS: The American Cellular Standard | |
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| AMPS Technical Specifications | |
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| The Cellular Market Structure: MSAs and RSAs | |
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| The "A" Carrier and "B" Carrier Designations | |
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| Initial Cellular Licensing | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Basic Wireless Network Design and Operation | |
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| Frequency Reuse and Planning | |
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| Distance-to-Reuse Ratio | |
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| Call-Handoff | |
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| Maps Used in Wireless System Design | |
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| The Hexagon Grid | |
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| Fundamental Wireless System Components | |
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| The Mobile Phone | |
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| The Cell Base Station | |
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| The Backhaul Network | |
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| The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) | |
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| Interconnection to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the Internet | |
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| POP Counts | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| The Cell Base Station | |
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| Overview | |
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| Criteria and Methods for Cell Placement | |
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| Selecting Cell Base Station Locations | |
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| Cell Base Station Deployment | |
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| Base Station Shelters | |
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| Cells on Wheels (COWs) | |
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| Enhancers | |
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| Microcells | |
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| Picocells and Nanocells | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Radio Frequency Operation and Technologies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Signal Fading and Degradation | |
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| Ducting | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Free-Space Loss | |
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| Multipath (Rayleigh) Fading | |
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| Wireless Frequency Bands | |
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| In-Building Coverage | |
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| Frequency Coordination | |
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| System Interference | |
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| Cochannel Interference | |
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| Adjacent-Channel Interference | |
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| Intermodulation Interference (IM) | |
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| Radio Frequency Channelization | |
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| Paired Channels | |
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| Channel Spacing | |
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| Control Channels | |
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| Bluetooth | |
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| Ultra-Wideband Wireless (UWB) | |
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| UWB Drivers | |
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| Software-Defined Radio (SDR) | |
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| Cognitive Radio | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Antennas, Power, and Sectorization | |
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| Overview | |
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| Omnidirectional Antennas and Gain | |
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| Collinear Array Antennas | |
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| Directional Antennas | |
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| Downtilt Antennas | |
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| Criteria Used to Select Base Station Antennas | |
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| Radio Frequency (RF) Power | |
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| Effective Radiated Power (ERP) | |
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| Carrier-to-Interference (CI) Ratio | |
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| Allowable Power Levels | |
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| Sectorization | |
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| The Grid Angle | |
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| Tower Mounting of Directional Antennas | |
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| Front-to-Back Ratio | |
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| Smart Antenna Systems | |
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| Switched-Beam Smart Antenna Systems | |
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| Adaptive-Array Smart Antenna Systems | |
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| Summary of Smart Antenna Systems | |
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| Gas Plasma Antennas | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Digital Wireless Technologies | |
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| Digital-Wireless Systems Versus Analog Wireless Systems | |
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| Vocoders | |
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| Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Technology | |
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| History | |
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| TDMA Operations and Deployment | |
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| Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Technology | |
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| Spread-Spectrum Technology | |
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| CDMA Basics | |
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| CDMAOne and CDMA 2000 | |
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| CDMA Architecture | |
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| The Benefits of CDMA Technology | |
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| Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Technology | |
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| GSM Architecture and Subsystems | |
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| GSM Adjunct Systems | |
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| GSM Versus CDMA | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| 3G: Third- Generation Wireless | |
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| 3G Systems and IMT 2000 | |
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| Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) | |
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| UMTS Network Architecture | |
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| The UMTS Core Network | |
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| UMTS Radio Access | |
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| UMTS Mobile Terminals | |
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| The History of UMTS/3G Deployments | |
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| CDMA2000 | |
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| Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) | |
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| U.S. 3G Deployments | |
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| Vendors | |
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| 3G Applications | |
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| High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSPDA) | |
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| Benefits of HSDPA | |
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| 4G Wireless | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Personal Communication Services | |
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| Overview | |
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| PCS Types | |
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| Narrowband PCS | |
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| Broadband PCS | |
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| PCS Markets | |
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| Metropolitan Trading Areas (MTAs) | |
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| Basic Trading Areas (BTAs) | |
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| Licensing Mechanisms and the Spectrum Auctions | |
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| PCS Market Buildouts and Evolution of the Marketplace | |
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| FCC License Restrictions for PCS Markets | |
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| RF Propagation and Cell Density | |
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| Digital Wireless Technology Selection | |
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| The Microwave Relocation Requirement | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Towers | |
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| Overview | |
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| Site Surveys | |
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| Monopole Towers | |
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| Stealth Towers | |
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| Free-Standing Towers | |
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| Free-Standing Tower Anchoring Options | |
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| Guyed Towers | |
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| Structural Design Options for Free-Standing and Guyed Towers | |
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| Solid-Leg Design | |
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| Tubular-Leg Design | |
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| Angular-Leg Design | |
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| Tower Loading | |
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| FAA Regulations | |
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| The 7460 Forms | |
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| Tower Lighting and Marking | |
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| Co-Siting and Tower Collocation | |
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| Tower Maintenance | |
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| Weather, Corrosion, and Loading | |
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| Preventive Maintenance | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Base Station Equipment and Radio Frequency (RF) Signal Flow | |
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| Omnidirectional Antennas and Space Diversity | |
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| Base Station Equipment Configurations | |
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| Transceivers | |
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| RF Signal Flow Through a Cell Site: The Downlink (Forward Channel) | |
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| RF Signal Flow Through a Cell Site: The Uplink (Reverse Channel) | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Capacity Management, Propagation Models, and Drive Testing | |
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| Cell Splitting | |
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| Overlay/Underlay | |
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| Directed Retry | |
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| Propagation Modeling Tools | |
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| The Hata-Okumura Propagation Model | |
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| The Cost-231 Walfisch/Ikegami Propagation Model | |
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| Drive Tests | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| The Mobile Switching Center, the Network Operations Center, and the Backhaul Network | |
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| Overview | |
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| The Base Station Controller (BSC) | |
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| MSC High-Level Functions | |
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| MSC Adjunct Processes and Network Peripherals | |
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| The Network Operations Center (NOC) | |
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| The Backhaul Network: Cell-to-MSC Connections | |
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| The Packet Transport Option in the Backhaul Network | |
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| Transmission Media | |
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| Network Configuration Options | |
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| Star Configuration | |
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| Ring Configuration | |
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| Daisy-Chain Configuration | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Microwave Radio Systems | |
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| Overview | |
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| Microwave System Development and Design | |
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| Network Documentation | |
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| Network Design | |
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| Site Selection | |
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| Path Studies | |
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| Frequency Management | |
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| Diversity and Protection Schemes | |
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| Microwave System Capacity Options | |
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| Microwave System Reliability: Index of Refractivity | |
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| Unlicensed Microwave Systems | |
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| The Basics | |
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| Specifications | |
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| Coax and Waveguide | |
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| Microwave Radio Antennas | |
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| Parabolic Reflectors | |
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| Horn Reflectors | |
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| Microwave Radio System Software Modeling Tools | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Interconnection to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the Internet | |
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| Overview | |
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| The Structure of the PSTN | |
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| Local Access and Transport Areas | |
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| Elements of Interconnection | |
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| The Circuit | |
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| The Trunk and Bandwidth | |
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| Telephone Numbers (For Resale) | |
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| Interconnection Operations | |
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| Types of Interconnection | |
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| Type 2A Interconnection | |
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| Type 2T Interconnection | |
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| Type 1 Interconnection | |
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| Type 2B Interconnection | |
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| Dedicated Interconnection to an IXC | |
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| Intramarket Wireless Carrier-to-Carrier Interconnection | |
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| Point-to-Point Circuits | |
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| Cost Structures and Rate Elements | |
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| Cost-per-Minute Charges | |
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| Rating Structures | |
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| Special Construction Charges | |
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| Interconnection Agreements | |
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| Tariffs | |
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| Custom Contracts | |
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| Least-Cost Routing | |
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| Internet Connections | |
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| Wireless Local Number Portability (WLNP) | |
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| Reciprocal Compensation | |
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| Enhanced 911 Service (E-911) and Locator Technology | |
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| Locator Technologies | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Roaming and Intercarrier Networking | |
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| Overview | |
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| The Early Days of Roaming | |
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| Roaming Agreements | |
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| Modern Roaming Systems | |
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| Roaming and Digital Interoperability | |
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| Signaling System 7 (SS7) Overview | |
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| Signal Transfer Points (STPs) | |
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| The Home Location Register (HLR) | |
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| The Visitor Location Register (VLR) | |
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| Third-Party SS7 Roaming Networks | |
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| The ANSI-41 Signaling Standard | |
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| Automatic Call Delivery (ACD) | |
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| The ACD Process | |
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| SS7 Interconnection (ACD) Between Wireless Carriers and Third-Party SS7 Networks | |
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| SS7 Interconnection (ACD) Between Different (Competing) Wireless Carriers | |
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| Intracarrier SS7 Interconnection (ACD) | |
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| Intersystem Handoff (IHO) | |
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| International Roaming | |
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| Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) | |
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| The Current Status of WIN Standards | |
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| WIN Functions | |
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| WIN Applications | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Wireless Data Technologies | |
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| Use Paradigms | |
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| Signal Quality | |
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| Short Message Services | |
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| Overview | |
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| Network Elements and Architecture | |
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| Service Elements | |
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| Subscriber Services | |
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| SMS Applications | |
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| Benefits of SMS | |
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| Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) | |
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| Cellemetry | |
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| Overview | |
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| System Description | |
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| Modes of Operation | |
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| Applications | |
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| General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) | |
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| GPRS Architecture | |
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| GPRS Data Communication | |
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| GPRS Terminals | |
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| Network Attributes of GPRS | |
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| Limitations of GPRS | |
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| Applications Supported by GPRS | |
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| Benefits of GPRS | |
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| EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution | |
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| GPRS and EDGE: The Technical Differences | |
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| EDGE Technology | |
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| EDGE Impact on GSM/GPRS Networks | |
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| Benefits of EDGE | |
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| Skepticism About EDGE | |
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| The Mobile IP Standard | |
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| Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) | |
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| WAP Subprotocols | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| The New Age of Cell Phones | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The All-in-One Cell Phone | |
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| Cutting-Edge Mobile Innovations-The Future of the Cell Phone | |
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| The Camera Phone Revolution | |
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| Ringtones | |
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| Cell Phone Viruses | |
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| Is All This Really Necessary? | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| The Business Side and Wireless Applications | |
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| The CTIA | |
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| Cultural Impact and Hot Buttons | |
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| The Wireless Explosion: The Growth of the Most Popular Consumer Technology in History | |
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| Key Industry Drivers | |
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| The Commoditization of Wireless | |
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| Landline Replacement | |
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| The Death of Long-Distance and Roaming Charges | |
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| Mergers, Acquisitions, and the Rule of Three | |
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| Cost per Gross Add and ARPU | |
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| Price per Minute Rates | |
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| Churn | |
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| Agents and Resellers | |
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| Prepayment Offerings | |
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| Wireless Market Ownership | |
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| Wireless Applications | |
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| E-Mail and Internet Access | |
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| Intranet Access | |
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| Unified Messaging | |
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| Value-Added Services | |
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| Video Streaming | |
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| Location-Based Services and Telematics | |
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| Vertical Applications for Business | |
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| Advertising | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| ESMR and Nextel | |
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| SMR Overview | |
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| Migration to Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio (ESMR): Nextel Corporation | |
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| iDEN Technology | |
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| Assessment of iDEN Technology | |
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| Sprint Buys Nextel | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Wi-Fi (802.11 Wireless Fidelity) | |
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| Overview | |
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| Wi-Fi Operations and Hot Spots | |
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| Operation Modes | |
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| Association, Cellular Architectures, and Roaming | |
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| Standards and Tech Specs | |
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| Wi-Fi Security | |
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| Auxiliary Wi-Fi Standards | |
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| Wi-Fi Integration with Other Wireless Technologies and Macrocellular Networks | |
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| Hype into Reality | |
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| Wi-Fi Benefits and the Competitive Advantage of Wireless | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| 802.16 WiMAX | |
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| WiMAX: The Wireless MAN Solution | |
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| WiMAX Network Architecture | |
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| WiMAX Standards and Development | |
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| 802.16a | |
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| 802.16e | |
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| WiMAX Application Options | |
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| Wireless Carrier Backhaul Network | |
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| Broadband on Demand | |
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| Supplementing Gaps in Cable and DSL Coverage | |
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| Areas Underserved by Broadband | |
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| Extendable Wireless Access | |
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| Licensing | |
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| Proceeding with Caution | |
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| Test Questions | |
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| Home Networking | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Home Network Basics | |
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| Computers | |
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| Network Interface Cards, Hubs, and Routing | |
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| Why Home Networking? | |
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| Home Network Applications | |
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| Home Network Architecture | |
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| Home Network Operations | |
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| Technology Options for Home Networks | |
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| Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): 10/100 Mbps | |
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| Wireless (Wi-Fi): 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps | |
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| Ultra-Wideband Wireless | |
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| Phone Line (HomePNA 2.0): 10 Mbps | |
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| Powerline Networking: 10 to 14 Mbps | |
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| Universal Serial Bus (USB) | |
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| Selecting the Right Infrastructure Technology | |