Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
What Is Compression? | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Information and Data | p. 2 |
Information Reduction | p. 4 |
Lossless Compression | p. 5 |
Run-Length Encoding | p. 5 |
Entropy Encoding | p. 6 |
Lossy Compression | p. 8 |
Image Compression Standards | p. 10 |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Systems | p. 11 |
Why Do I Care? | p. 12 |
Upcoming Topics | p. 12 |
An Introduction to Images | p. 15 |
Introduction | p. 16 |
Video or Computer Graphics? | p. 16 |
Sampling and Quantization | p. 17 |
Sampling Rate and Aliasing | p. 18 |
One-Dimensional Sampling | p. 18 |
Two-Dimensional Sampling | p. 26 |
Temporal Sampling | p. 29 |
Entropy Coding | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 36 |
Entropy | p. 36 |
Huffman Codes | p. 41 |
Dangers of Variable-length Coding | p. 43 |
Modified Huffman Codes | p. 44 |
Arithmetic Encoding | p. 47 |
Predictive Coding | p. 49 |
Markov Sources | p. 50 |
Differential Pulse Code Modulation | p. 54 |
Predicting Image Values | p. 56 |
Adaptive Prediction | p. 59 |
Transforms | p. 67 |
Introduction | p. 68 |
Time, Space, and Frequency Domains | p. 70 |
Frequency and Spatial Frequency | p. 72 |
The Discrete Cosine Transform | p. 74 |
The Fourier Approach to DCT | p. 76 |
DCT in Terms of Basis Functions | p. 81 |
DCT as Axis Rotation | p. 85 |
DCT Examples | p. 87 |
DCT Failure | p. 88 |
Quantization | p. 91 |
Introduction | p. 92 |
Mean Square Error | p. 92 |
Types of Quantizer | p. 93 |
Uniform Scalar Quantizer | p. 94 |
Nonuniform Scalar Quantizers | p. 95 |
The Lloyd-Max Quantizer | p. 97 |
Entropy-constrained Quantizers | p. 97 |
Vector Quantization | p. 98 |
Applications of Quantization | p. 100 |
Direct Image Quantization | p. 100 |
Quantization with Predictive Coding | p. 103 |
JPEG | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 108 |
Baseline JPEG | p. 109 |
Image Data Encoding | p. 109 |
JPEG Baseline Encoding and Decoding | p. 110 |
DCT Transform | p. 113 |
Quantization | p. 116 |
Scanning, Descriptors, and Entropy Coding | p. 119 |
Assembling the Bit Stream | p. 125 |
Parsing the Received Bit Stream | p. 125 |
Recovering the Quantized Coefficients | p. 126 |
Dequantization | p. 127 |
Inverse DCT | p. 127 |
Comparison | p. 129 |
Examples of Baseline JPEG | p. 129 |
JPEG Extensions | p. 130 |
Motion JPEG | p. 131 |
Motion Compensation | p. 137 |
Introduction | p. 138 |
Temporal Redundancy | p. 138 |
Motion Aliasing | p. 138 |
The Motion Compensation Approach | p. 139 |
Static Backgrounds | p. 139 |
Motion Vectors | p. 141 |
Block Matching | p. 143 |
Matching Criteria | p. 143 |
Optimum Block Size | p. 143 |
Full-Search Block Matching | p. 145 |
Hierarchical Block Matching | p. 146 |
Residuals | p. 147 |
Other Motion Estimators | p. 148 |
Restricted Search Systems | p. 148 |
Phase Correlation Motion Estimation | p. 149 |
MPEG-1 | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 152 |
What MPEG Defines | p. 153 |
Hierarchy and Terminology | p. 154 |
Frame Types in MPEG | p. 156 |
Intraframes (I-frames) | p. 156 |
Non-intra Frames (P-frames and B-frames) | p. 156 |
MPEG Group of Pictures | p. 158 |
Coding of Macroblocks | p. 160 |
Intracoding of Macroblocks | p. 161 |
Non-intracoding of Macroblocks | p. 162 |
Rate Control | p. 165 |
The MPEG Encoder and Decoder | p. 169 |
MPEG-2 | p. 171 |
Introduction | p. 172 |
MPEG-2 Enhancements | p. 173 |
Color Space | p. 173 |
Slice Structure | p. 173 |
Quantization | p. 173 |
Concealment Motion Vectors | p. 174 |
3:2 Pulldown | p. 175 |
Pan and Scan | p. 175 |
MPEG-2 Profiles and Levels | p. 175 |
Interlace Tools | p. 178 |
Frame and Field Pictures | p. 179 |
Frame and Field DCT | p. 180 |
Frame and Field Prediction | p. 182 |
Scalable Coding Profiles | p. 183 |
MPEG-2 System Layer | p. 184 |
Packetized Elementary Stream | p. 185 |
Program Stream | p. 185 |
Transport Stream | p. 186 |
Practicing the Art of MPEG | p. 189 |
Contributors to Poor Performance | p. 189 |
MPEG Artifacts | p. 190 |
Tips for Higher Quality | p. 191 |
MPEG-4 | p. 193 |
Introduction | p. 194 |
Video in MPEG-4 | p. 198 |
MPEG-4 Video Hierarchy | p. 198 |
Shape Coding | p. 199 |
Texture Coding | p. 201 |
Boundary Coding | p. 203 |
Coding of Arbitrary-Shaped Video Objects | p. 203 |
Sprites | p. 204 |
Static Texture Coding | p. 206 |
Animations | p. 206 |
Scalability | p. 207 |
Advanced Coding Extensions (ACE) | p. 209 |
Visual Profiles | p. 210 |
Scene Compositing and Interaction | p. 214 |
Scene Modeling | p. 214 |
Interaction | p. 215 |
Work in Progress | p. 215 |
Studio Profiles | p. 215 |
Fine Grain Scalability | p. 216 |
Future Work | p. 218 |
Conclusion | p. 219 |
MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 | p. 221 |
Introduction | p. 222 |
MPEG-7 | p. 222 |
Concepts of MPEG-7 | p. 222 |
MPEG-7 Terminology | p. 225 |
MPEG-7 Structure | p. 226 |
MPEG-7 Visual | p. 227 |
Summary | p. 228 |
MPEG-21 | p. 230 |
Pro-MPEG and MPEG Operating Ranges | p. 233 |
Introduction | p. 234 |
Goals of Pro-MPEG | p. 235 |
DV Compression | p. 241 |
Introduction | p. 242 |
Basic Concepts of DV Compression | p. 243 |
Detailed Description | p. 244 |
25 Mbits/s Compression | p. 244 |
50 Mbits/s Compression | p. 252 |
Wavelets | p. 255 |
Introduction | p. 256 |
More about Fourier Transforms | p. 256 |
Wavelets Concept | p. 260 |
Wavelets as Filters | p. 261 |
Wavelet Compression | p. 266 |
JPEG2000 | p. 271 |
Introduction | p. 272 |
Limitations of the Original JPEG System | p. 272 |
Goals of JPEG2000 | p. 273 |
Audio Compression | p. 275 |
Introduction | p. 276 |
Masking in Human Hearing | p. 277 |
Simple Audio Compression Schemes | p. 278 |
Quadrature Mirror Filters | p. 280 |
Subband Coding | p. 284 |
Bit Allocation | p. 286 |
Transform Coding | p. 286 |
Example Compression Systems | p. 287 |
Audio Compression in MPEG | p. 287 |
Audio Compression for ATSC | p. 288 |
Streaming Media | p. 293 |
Introduction | p. 294 |
Applications for Streaming Media | p. 295 |
Standards for Streaming Media | p. 297 |
Closing Thoughts | p. 299 |
Introduction | p. 300 |
Fractal Compression | p. 300 |
Statistical Multiplexing | p. 300 |
Concatenated Compression Systems | p. 303 |
Switching MPEG | p. 306 |
MPEG Applications | p. 310 |
Some Solutions | p. 310 |
Mezzanine Compression Systems | p. 312 |
A Glimpse into the Future | p. 315 |
Glossary | p. 317 |
Bibliography | p. 329 |
Internet Resources | p. 333 |
About the CD-ROM | p. 337 |
Index | p. 339 |
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