Navigation Aids | |
Air Navigation Radio Aids | |
General | p. 1 |
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB) | p. 1 |
Vhf Omni-Directional Range (VOR) | p. 1 |
Vor Receiver Check | p. 1 |
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) | p. 2 |
Vhf Omni-Directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) | p. 2 |
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) | p. 3 |
Navaid Service Volumes | p. 3 |
Instrument Landing System (ILS) | p. 5 |
Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) | p. 8 |
Microwave Landing System (MLS) | p. 10 |
Navaid Identifier Removal During Maintenance | p. 12 |
Navaids With Voice | p. 12 |
User Reports on Navaid Performance | p. 12 |
Loran | p. 12 |
Omega and Omega/Vlf Navigation Systems | p. 28 |
Vhf Direction Finder | p. 28 |
Inertial Navigation System (INS) | p. 28 |
Doppler Radar | p. 28 |
Flight Management System (FMS) | p. 29 |
Global Positioning System (GPS) | p. 29 |
Gnss Landing System (GLS) | p. 45 |
Precision Approach Systems Other Than Ils, Gls, and Mls | p. 45 |
Area Navigation | p. 45 |
Radar Services and Procedures | |
Radar | p. 46 |
Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) | p. 48 |
Surveillance Radar | p. 48 |
Precision Approach Radar (PAR) | p. 48 |
Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids | |
Airport Lighting Aids | |
Approach Light Systems (ALS) | p. 51 |
Visual Glideslope Indicators | p. 52 |
Runway end Identifier Lights (REIL) | p. 53 |
Runway Edge Light Systems | p. 55 |
In-Runway Lighting | p. 55 |
Control of Lighting Systems | p. 55 |
Pilot Control of Airport Lighting | p. 55 |
Airport/Heliport Beacons | p. 56 |
Taxiway Lights | p. 57 |
Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting | |
Aeronautical Light Beacons | p. 57 |
Code Beacons and Course Lights | p. 58 |
Obstruction Lights | p. 58 |
Airport Marking Aids and Signs | |
General | p. 58 |
Airport Pavement Markings | p. 59 |
Runway Markings | p. 59 |
Taxiway Markings | p. 61 |
Holding Position Markings | p. 66 |
Other Markings | p. 69 |
Airport Signs | p. 74 |
Mandatory Instruction Signs | p. 74 |
Location Signs | p. 76 |
Direction Signs | p. 76 |
Destination Signs | p. 77 |
Information Signs | p. 78 |
Runway Distance Remaining Signs | p. 78 |
Aircraft Arresting Devices | p. 80 |
Airspace | |
General | |
General | p. 81 |
General Dimensions of Airspace Segments | p. 81 |
Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designations | p. 81 |
Basic VFR Weather Minimums | p. 81 |
VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels | p. 81 |
Controlled Airspace | |
General | p. 81 |
Class A Airspace | p. 83 |
Class B Airspace | p. 83 |
Class C Airspace | p. 85 |
Class D Airspace | p. 88 |
Class E Airspace | p. 89 |
Class G Airspace | |
General | p. 89 |
VFR Requirements | p. 89 |
IFR Requirements | p. 89 |
Special Use Airspace | |
General | p. 90 |
Prohibited Areas | p. 90 |
Restricted Areas | p. 90 |
Warning Areas | p. 90 |
Military Operations Areas | p. 90 |
Alert Areas | p. 91 |
Controlled Firing Areas | p. 91 |
Other Airspace Areas | |
Airport Advisory Area | p. 91 |
Military Training Routes | p. 91 |
Temporary Flight Restrictions | p. 92 |
Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations | p. 94 |
Published VFR Routes | p. 94 |
Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) | p. 96 |
National Security Areas | p. 96 |
Air Traffic Control | |
Services Available to Pilots | |
Air Route Traffic Control Centers | p. 98 |
Control Towers | p. 98 |
Flight Service Stations | p. 98 |
Recording and Monitoring | p. 98 |
Communications Release of IFR Aircraft Landing at an Airport Without an Operating Control Tower | p. 98 |
Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities | p. 98 |
Operation Take-Off and Operation Raincheck | p. 98 |
Approach Control Service for VFR Arriving Aircraft | p. 98 |
Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers | p. 98 |
IFR Approaches/Ground Vehicle Operations | p. 101 |
Designated Unicom/Multicom Frequencies | p. 102 |
Use of Unicom for Atc Purposes | p. 102 |
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) | p. 102 |
Radar Traffic Information Service | p. 103 |
Safety Alert | p. 104 |
Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft | p. 105 |
Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft | p. 106 |
Tower en Route Control (TEC) | p. 108 |
Transponder Operation | p. 108 |
Hazardous Area Reporting Service | p. 110 |
Airport Reservations Operations and Procedures | p. 112 |
Requests for Waivers and Authorizations from Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) | p. 114 |
Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques | |
General | p. 115 |
Radio Technique | p. 115 |
Contact Procedures | p. 116 |
Aircraft Call Signs | p. 117 |
Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft | p. 118 |
Ground Station Call Signs | p. 118 |
Phonetic Alphabet | p. 118 |
Figures | p. 118 |
Altitudes and Flight Levels | p. 118 |
Directions | p. 119 |
Speeds | p. 119 |
Time | p. 119 |
Communications with Tower When Aircraft Transmitter or Receiver or Both Are Inoperative | p. 120 |
Communications for VFR Flights | p. 120 |
Airport Operations | |
General | p. 121 |
Airports with an Operating Control Tower | p. 121 |
Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower | p. 122 |
Traffic Patterns | p. 123 |
Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern | p. 123 |
Use of Runways/Declared Distances | p. 125 |
Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS) and Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) | p. 125 |
Braking Action Reports and Advisories | p. 125 |
Runway Friction Reports and Advisories | p. 126 |
Intersection Takeoffs | p. 126 |
Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) | p. 127 |
Low Approach | p. 128 |
Traffic Control Light Signals | p. 128 |
Communications | p. 129 |
Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays | p. 130 |
VFR Flights in Terminal Areas | p. 130 |
VFR Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports | p. 130 |
Taxiing | p. 131 |
Taxi During Low Visibility | p. 133 |
Exiting The Runway After Landing | p. 133 |
Practice Instrument Approaches | p. 133 |
Option Approach | p. 134 |
Use of Aircraft Lights | p. 134 |
Flight Inspection/'Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas | p. 135 |
Hand Signals | p. 135 |
Operations at Uncontrolled Airports with Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS) | p. 139 |
Atc Clearances/Separations | |
Clearance | p. 139 |
Clearance Prefix | p. 139 |
Clearance Items | p. 139 |
Amended Clearances | p. 140 |
Special VFR Clearances | p. 140 |
Pilot Responsibility Upon Clearance Issuance | p. 140 |
IFR Clearance VFR-on-Top | p. 142 |
VFR/IFR Flights | p. 142 |
Adherence to Clearance | p. 142 |
IFR Separation Standards | p. 144 |
Speed Adjustments | p. 144 |
Runway Separation | p. 145 |
Visual Separation | p. 145 |
Use of Visual Clearing Procedures | p. 145 |
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I and II) | p. 146 |
Air Traffic Procedures | |
Preflight | |
Preflight Preparation | p. 147 |
Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR | p. 148 |
Notice to Airmen (Notam) System | p. 148 |
Flight Plan--VFR Flights | p. 152 |
Flight Plan--Defense VFR (DVFR) Flights | p. 154 |
Composite Flight Plan (VFR/IFR Flights) | p. 154 |
Flight Plan--IFR Flights | p. 154 |
IFR Operations to High Altitude Destinations | p. 159 |
Flights Outside the United States and U.S. Territories | p. 159 |
Change in Flight Plan | p. 160 |
Change in Proposed Departure Time | p. 160 |
Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans | p. 161 |
Canceling Ifr Flight Plan | p. 161 |
Departure Procedures | |
Pre-Taxi Clearance Procedures | p. 161 |
Taxi Clearance | p. 161 |
Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared...as Filed) Procedures | p. 162 |
Departure Restrictions, Clearance Void Times, Hold for Release, and Release Times | p. 163 |
Departure Control | p. 163 |
Instrument Departures | p. 163 |
En Route Procedures | |
Artcc Communications | p. 165 |
Position Reporting | p. 166 |
Additional Reports | p. 167 |
Airways and Route Systems | p. 167 |
Airway or Route Course Changes | p. 169 |
Changeover Points (Cops) | p. 169 |
Holding | p. 169 |
Arrival Procedures | |
Standard Terminal Arrival (Star), Flight Management System Procedures (FMSP) for Arrivals | p. 172 |
Local Flow Traffic Management Program | p. 173 |
Approach Control | p. 173 |
Advance Information on Instrument Approach | p. 174 |
Instrument Approach Procedure Charts | p. 174 |
Approach Clearance | p. 181 |
Instrument Approach Procedures | p. 181 |
Procedure Turn | p. 182 |
Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix | p. 183 |
Radar Approaches | p. 183 |
Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches | p. 185 |
ILS/MLS Approaches to Parallel Runways | p. 185 |
Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Dependent) | p. 187 |
Simultaneous Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Independent) | p. 188 |
Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Independent) | p. 189 |
Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches | p. 190 |
Side-Step Maneuver | p. 191 |
Approach and Landing Minimums | p. 191 |
Missed Approach | p. 192 |
Visual Approach | p. 193 |
Charted Visual Flight Procedures (CVFP) | p. 194 |
Contact Approach | p. 194 |
Landing Priority | p. 194 |
Overhead Approach Maneuver | p. 194 |
Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities | |
General | p. 195 |
Air Traffic Clearance | p. 195 |
Contact Approach | p. 196 |
Instrument Approach | p. 196 |
Missed Approach | p. 196 |
Radar Vectors | p. 197 |
Safety Alert | p. 197 |
See and Avoid | p. 197 |
Speed Adjustments | p. 197 |
Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information) | p. 198 |
Visual Approach | p. 198 |
Visual Separation | p. 198 |
VFR-on-Top | p. 199 |
Instrument Departures | p. 199 |
Minimum Fuel Advisory | p. 199 |
National Security and Interception Procedures | |
National Security | p. 200 |
Interception Procedures | p. 201 |
Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military Organizations | p. 202 |
Interception Signals | p. 202 |
Adiz Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas | p. 202 |
Emergency Procedures | |
General | |
Pilot Responsibility and Authority | p. 206 |
Emergency Condition--Request Assistance Immediately | p. 206 |
Emergency Services Available to Pilots | |
Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty | p. 206 |
Transponder Emergency Operation | p. 206 |
Direction Finding Instrument Approach Procedure | p. 207 |
Intercept and Escort | p. 207 |
Emergency Locator Transmitters | p. 206 |
FAA K-9 Explosives Detection Team Program | p. 208 |
Search and Rescue | p. 208 |
Distress and Urgency Procedures | |
Distress and Urgency Communications | p. 215 |
Obtaining Emergency Assistance | p. 216 |
Ditching Procedures | p. 216 |
Special Emergency (Air Piracy) | p. 219 |
Fuel Dumping | p. 220 |
Two-Way Radio Communications Failure | |
Two-Way Radio Communications Failure | p. 220 |
Transponder Operation During Two-Way Communications Failure | p. 221 |
Reestablishing Radio Contact | p. 221 |
Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications | |
Discrete Emergency Frequency | p. 222 |
Radio Call Signs | p. 222 |
Arff Emergency Hand Signals | p. 222 |
Safety of Flight | |
Meteorology | |
National Weather Service Aviation Products | p. 223 |
Faa Weather Services | p. 223 |
Preflight Briefing | p. 225 |
En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) | p. 226 |
Inflight Weather Advisories | p. 227 |
Categorical Outlooks | p. 228 |
Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) | p. 229 |
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) | p. 229 |
Inflight Weather Broadcasts | p. 229 |
Flight Information Services Data Link (FISDL) | p. 230 |
Weather Observing Programs | p. 232 |
Weather Radar Services | p. 237 |
Atc Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance | p. 238 |
Runway Visual Range (RVR) | p. 242 |
Reporting of Cloud Heights | p. 243 |
Reporting Prevailing Visibility | p. 243 |
Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets | p. 244 |
Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) | p. 244 |
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPS) | p. 244 |
Pireps Relating to Airframe Icing | p. 245 |
Pireps Relating to Turbulence | p. 245 |
Wind Shear Pireps | p. 246 |
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) Pireps | p. 247 |
Microbursts | p. 247 |
Pireps Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity | p. 254 |
Thunderstorms | p. 255 |
Thunderstorm Flying | p. 255 |
Key to Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) | p. 256 |
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats | p. 257 |
Altimeter Setting Procedures | |
General | p. 264 |
Procedures | p. 264 |
Altimeter Errors | p. 265 |
High Barometric Pressure | p. 266 |
Low Barometric Pressure | p. 266 |
Wake Turbulence | |
General | p. 266 |
Vortex Generation | p. 266 |
Vortex Strength | p. 266 |
Vortex Behavior | p. 267 |
Operations Problem Areas | p. 268 |
Vortex Avoidance Procedures | p. 268 |
Helicopters | p. 269 |
Pilot Responsibility | p. 269 |
Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations | p. 270 |
Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests | |
Migratory Bird Activity | p. 270 |
Reducing Bird Strike Risks | p. 271 |
Reporting Bird Strikes | p. 271 |
Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities | p. 271 |
Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards | p. 271 |
Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas | p. 271 |
Potential Flight Hazards | |
Accident Cause Factors | p. 274 |
VFR in Congested Areas | p. 274 |
Obstructions to Flight | p. 274 |
Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons | p. 275 |
Mountain Flying | p. 275 |
Use of Runway Half-Way Signs at Unimproved Airports | p. 276 |
Seaplane Safety | p. 277 |
Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash | p. 278 |
Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft | p. 278 |
Precipitation Static | p. 280 |
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation (LASER) Operations | p. 280 |
Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports | |
Aviation Safety Reporting Program | p. 281 |
Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting | p. 281 |
Near Midair Collision Reporting | p. 282 |
Medical Facts for Pilots | |
Fitness for Flight | |
Fitness for Flight | p. 284 |
Effects of Altitude | p. 285 |
Hyperventilation in Flight | p. 286 |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Flight | p. 287 |
Illusions in Flight | p. 287 |
Vision in Flight | p. 288 |
Aerobatic Flight | p. 289 |
Judgment Aspects of Collision Avoidance | p. 289 |
Aeronautical Charts and Related Publications | |
Types of Charts Available | |
General | p. 291 |
Obtaining Civil Aeronautical Charts | p. 291 |
Selected Charts and Products Available | p. 291 |
General Description of Each Chart Series | p. 291 |
Where and How to Get Charts of Foreign Areas | p. 299 |
Pilot/Controller Glossary | p. 302 |
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