| Foreword | p. 1 |
| References and Design Manuals | p. 5 |
| References and Design Manuals | p. 6 |
| Building Codes | p. 11 |
| Definitions | p. 13 |
| General | p. 14 |
| Systems | p. 20 |
| Contract Documents | p. 23 |
| Contractors/Manufacturers/Authorities | p. 26 |
| Professional Societies and Trade Organizations | p. 29 |
| Equations | p. 35 |
| Cooling and Heating Equations | p. 36 |
| R-Values/U-Values | p. 36 |
| Water System Equations | p. 37 |
| Air Change Rate Equations | p. 37 |
| Mixed Air Temperature | p. 37 |
| Ductwork Equations | p. 37 |
| Fan Laws | p. 38 |
| Pump Laws | p. 38 |
| Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Calculations | p. 39 |
| Air Conditioning Condensate | p. 39 |
| Humidification | p. 40 |
| Humidifier Sensible Heat Gain | p. 40 |
| Expansion Tanks | p. 40 |
| Air Balance Equations | p. 41 |
| Efficiencies | p. 42 |
| Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers | p. 42 |
| Moisture Condensation on Glass | p. 42 |
| Electricity | p. 42 |
| Calculating Heating Loads for Loading Docks | p. 43 |
| Ventilation of Mechanical Rooms with Refrigeration Equipment | p. 44 |
| Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork | p. 44 |
| Pipe Expansion Equations | p. 45 |
| Steam and Condensate Equations | p. 46 |
| Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations | p. 47 |
| Psychrometric Equations | p. 48 |
| Swimming Pools | p. 49 |
| Domestic Water Heater Sizing | p. 49 |
| Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Pump/Supply Sizing | p. 50 |
| Relief Valve Vent Line Maximum Length | p. 50 |
| Relief Valve Sizing | p. 50 |
| Steel Pipe Equations | p. 53 |
| English/Metric Cooling and Heating Equations Comparison | p. 53 |
| Cooling Tower Equations | p. 55 |
| Motor Drive Formulas | p. 55 |
| Cooling Load Rules of Thumb | p. 57 |
| Offices, Commercial | p. 58 |
| Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls | p. 58 |
| Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices | p. 58 |
| Precision Manufacturing | p. 59 |
| Computer Rooms | p. 59 |
| Restaurants | p. 59 |
| Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment) | p. 59 |
| Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs | p. 60 |
| Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms | p. 60 |
| Buildings w/100% OA Systems | p. 60 |
| Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices | p. 60 |
| Residential | p. 61 |
| Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room) | p. 61 |
| Motel and Hotel Public Spaces | p. 61 |
| Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories | p. 61 |
| School Classrooms | p. 61 |
| Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes | p. 62 |
| Libraries, Museums | p. 62 |
| Retail, Department Stores | p. 62 |
| Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops | p. 62 |
| Supermarkets | p. 63 |
| Malls, Shopping Centers | p. 63 |
| Jails | p. 63 |
| Auditoriums, Theaters | p. 63 |
| Churches | p. 64 |
| Bowling Alleys | p. 64 |
| All Spaces | p. 64 |
| Cooling Load Calculation Procedure | p. 64 |
| Cooling Load Peak Time Estimate | p. 66 |
| Heating Load Rules of Thumb | p. 67 |
| All Buildings and Spaces | p. 68 |
| Buildings w/100% OA Systems | p. 68 |
| Buildings w/Ample Insulation, Few Windows | p. 68 |
| Building w/Limited Insulation, Many Windows | p. 68 |
| Walls Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outside Air Design Condition) | p. 68 |
| Floors Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outside Air Design Condition) | p. 69 |
| Heating System Selection Guidelines | p. 69 |
| Heating Load Calculation Procedure | p. 69 |
| Infiltration Rules of Thumb | p. 73 |
| Heating Infiltration (15 mph wind) | p. 74 |
| Cooling Infiltration (7.5 mph wind) | p. 74 |
| No Infiltration Losses or Gains for Rooms Below Grade or Interior Spaces | p. 74 |
| Buildings Which Are Not Humidified Have No Latent Infiltration Heating Load | p. 74 |
| Winter Sensible Infiltration Loads Will Generally Be 1/2 to 3 Times the Conduction Heat Losses (Average 1.0-2.0 Times) | p. 74 |
| Ventilation Rules of Thumb | p. 75 |
| Outdoor Air | p. 76 |
| Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)--ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 | p. 77 |
| Effects of Carbon Monoxide | p. 78 |
| Toilet Rooms | p. 78 |
| Electrical Rooms | p. 79 |
| Mechanical Rooms | p. 80 |
| Combustion Air | p. 82 |
| Hazardous Locations | p. 83 |
| Humidification Rules of Thumb | p. 87 |
| Window Types and Space Humidity Values | p. 88 |
| Proper Vapor Barriers | p. 88 |
| Human Comfort | p. 88 |
| Electrical Equipment, Computers | p. 88 |
| Winter Design Relative Humidities | p. 88 |
| Energy Code Winter Design Relative Humidities | p. 88 |
| Optimum Relative Humidity Ranges for Health | p. 89 |
| Moisture Condensation on Glass | p. 89 |
| People/Occupancy Rules of Thumb | p. 97 |
| Offices, Commercial | p. 98 |
| Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls | p. 98 |
| Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices | p. 98 |
| Precision Manufacturing | p. 98 |
| Computer Rooms | p. 98 |
| Restaurants | p. 98 |
| Kitchens | p. 98 |
| Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs | p. 98 |
| Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms | p. 98 |
| Hospital General Areas | p. 99 |
| Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices | p. 99 |
| Residential | p. 99 |
| Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room) | p. 99 |
| Motel and Hotel Public Spaces | p. 99 |
| Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories | p. 99 |
| School Classrooms | p. 99 |
| Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes | p. 99 |
| Libraries, Museums | p. 99 |
| Retail, Department Stores | p. 99 |
| Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops | p. 100 |
| Supermarkets | p. 100 |
| Malls, Shopping Centers | p. 100 |
| Jails | p. 100 |
| Auditoriums, Theaters | p. 100 |
| Churches | p. 100 |
| Bowling Alleys | p. 100 |
| Lighting Rules of Thumb | p. 101 |
| Offices, Commercial | p. 102 |
| Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls | p. 102 |
| Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices | p. 102 |
| Precision Manufacturing | p. 102 |
| Computer Rooms | p. 102 |
| Restaurants | p. 102 |
| Kitchens | p. 102 |
| Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs | p. 102 |
| Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms | p. 102 |
| Hospital General Areas | p. 102 |
| Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices | p. 103 |
| Residential | p. 103 |
| Apartments (Eff., 1 Room, 2 Room) | p. 103 |
| Motel and Hotel Public Spaces | p. 103 |
| Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories | p. 103 |
| School Classrooms | p. 103 |
| Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes | p. 103 |
| Libraries, Museums | p. 103 |
| Retail, Department Stores | p. 103 |
| Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops | p. 103 |
| Supermarkets | p. 104 |
| Malls, Shopping Centers | p. 104 |
| Jails | p. 104 |
| Auditoriums, Theaters | p. 104 |
| Churches | p. 104 |
| Bowling Alleys | p. 104 |
| Appliance/Equipment Rules of Thumb | p. 105 |
| Offices and Commercial Spaces | p. 106 |
| Computer Rooms | p. 106 |
| Telecommunication Rooms | p. 106 |
| Electrical Equipment Heat Gain | p. 106 |
| Motor Heat Gain | p. 107 |
| Miscellaneous Guidelines | p. 108 |
| Cooling Load Factors | p. 109 |
| Diversity Factors | p. 110 |
| Safety Factors | p. 110 |
| Cooling Load Factors | p. 110 |
| ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 | p. 111 |
| Heating Load Factors | p. 113 |
| Safety Factors | p. 114 |
| Heating Load Credits | p. 114 |
| Heating System Selection Guidelines | p. 114 |
| ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 | p. 115 |
| Energy Conservation and Design Conditions | p. 117 |
| The 1989 CABO Model Energy Code | p. 118 |
| ASHRAE Standard 90A-1980, Energy Conservation in New Building Design | p. 119 |
| ASHRAE Standard 90A-a-1987, Energy Conservation in New Building Design | p. 122 |
| ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings | p. 123 |
| Fuel Conversion Factors | p. 132 |
| Hvac System Selection Criteria | p. 135 |
| HVAC System Selection Criteria | p. 136 |
| Heating System Selection Guidelines | p. 138 |
| Air Distribution Systems | p. 139 |
| Ductwork Systems | p. 140 |
| Duct Construction | p. 141 |
| Kitchen Exhaust Ducts and Hoods | p. 142 |
| Louvers | p. 144 |
| Volume Dampers | p. 145 |
| Fire Dampers | p. 145 |
| Smoke Dampers | p. 146 |
| Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers | p. 146 |
| Smoke Detectors | p. 146 |
| Sound Attenuators | p. 147 |
| Terminal Units | p. 148 |
| Process Exhaust Systems | p. 150 |
| Piping Systems | p. 153 |
| Water (Hydronic) Piping Systems | p. 154 |
| Steam Piping Systems | p. 170 |
| Refrigerant Systems and Piping | p. 183 |
| Glycol Solution Systems | p. 189 |
| Air Conditioning (AC) Condensate Piping | p. 191 |
| Valves | p. 192 |
| Expansion Loops | p. 196 |
| Strainers | p. 196 |
| Expansion Tanks and Air Separators | p. 197 |
| Galvanic Action | p. 214 |
| Piping System Installation Hierarchy (Easiest to Hardest to Install) | p. 214 |
| ASME B31 Piping Code Comparison | p. 215 |
| Central Plant Equipment | p. 225 |
| Air Handling Units, Air Conditioning Units, Heat Pumps | p. 226 |
| Coils | p. 228 |
| Filters | p. 232 |
| Chillers | p. 237 |
| Cooling Towers (CTs) | p. 242 |
| Air Cooled Condensers and Condensing Units (ACCs and ACCUs) | p. 244 |
| Evaporative Condensers and Condensing Units (ECs and ECUs) | p. 244 |
| Installation of CTs, ACCs, ACCUs, ECs, and ECUs | p. 244 |
| Heat Exchanges | p. 245 |
| Boilers, General | p. 246 |
| Hot Water Boilers | p. 251 |
| Steam Boilers | p. 257 |
| Makeup Water Requirements | p. 264 |
| Water Treatment and Chemical Feed Systems | p. 265 |
| Fuel Systems and Types | p. 270 |
| Automatic Controls | p. 272 |
| Auxiliary Equipment | p. 281 |
| Fans | p. 282 |
| Pumps | p. 289 |
| Motors | p. 293 |
| Starters, Disconnect Switches, and Motor Control Centers | p. 312 |
| Adjustable (Variable) Frequency Drives (AFDs or VFDs) | p. 321 |
| NEMA Enclosures | p. 322 |
| Humidifiers | p. 322 |
| Insulation | p. 323 |
| Firestopping and Through-Penetration Protection Systems | p. 326 |
| Equipment Schedules | p. 329 |
| General | p. 330 |
| Air Balance Schedule | p. 330 |
| Air Compressors | p. 331 |
| Air Cooled Condensers | p. 331 |
| Air Cooled Condensing Units | p. 332 |
| Air Conditioning Units | p. 332 |
| Air Filters (Pre-Filters, Filters, Final-Filters) | p. 333 |
| Air Handling Units--Custom, Factory Assembled, Factory Packaged, or Field Fabricated | p. 334 |
| Air Handling Units--Packaged | p. 334 |
| Boilers, Hot Water | p. 335 |
| Boilers, Steam | p. 335 |
| Cabinet Unit Heaters | p. 335 |
| Chemical Feed Systems | p. 336 |
| Chillers, Absorption | p. 336 |
| Chillers, Air Cooled | p. 337 |
| Chillers, Water Cooled | p. 338 |
| Coils, Direct Expansion (DX) | p. 338 |
| Coils, Electric | p. 339 |
| Coils, Steam | p. 339 |
| Coils, Water | p. 339 |
| Condensate Pump and Receiver Sets | p. 340 |
| Convectors | p. 340 |
| Cooling Towers | p. 341 |
| Deaerators | p. 341 |
| Design Conditions | p. 341 |
| Electric Baseboard Radiation | p. 342 |
| Electric Radiant Heaters | p. 342 |
| Evaporative Condensers | p. 342 |
| Expansion Tanks | p. 343 |
| Fans | p. 343 |
| Fan Coil Units | p. 343 |
| Finned Tube Radiation | p. 344 |
| Flash Tanks | p. 345 |
| Fluid Coolers/Closed Circuit Evaporative Coolers | p. 345 |
| Fuel Oil Tanks | p. 345 |
| Gas Pressure Regulators | p. 346 |
| Gravity Ventilators | p. 346 |
| Heat Exchangers, Plate and Frame | p. 346 |
| Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Steam to Water (Converter) | p. 347 |
| Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Water to Water | p. 347 |
| Heat Pumps, Air Source | p. 348 |
| Heat Pumps, Water Source | p. 348 |
| Humidifiers | p. 349 |
| Motor Control Centers | p. 350 |
| Packaged Terminal AC Systems | p. 350 |
| Pumps | p. 351 |
| Radiant Heaters | p. 351 |
| Steam Pressure Reducing Valves | p. 351 |
| Steam Pressure Relief Valve | p. 352 |
| Sound Attenuators (Duct Silencers) | p. 352 |
| Terminal Units, Constant Volume Reheat | p. 352 |
| Terminal Units, Dual Duct Mixing Box | p. 353 |
| Terminal Units, Fan Powered | p. 353 |
| Terminal Units, Variable Air Volume (VAV) | p. 354 |
| Unit Heaters | p. 355 |
| Water Softeners | p. 355 |
| Equipment Manufacturers | p. 357 |
| Central Plant Equipment | p. 358 |
| Air System Equipment and Specialties | p. 359 |
| Water System Equipment and Specialties | p. 360 |
| Steam System Equipment and Specialties | p. 362 |
| Terminal Equipment | p. 363 |
| Miscellaneous Equipment | p. 363 |
| Building Construction Business Fundamentals | p. 365 |
| Engineering/Construction Contracts | p. 366 |
| Building Construction Business Players | p. 367 |
| Architectural, Structural, and Electrical Information | p. 371 |
| Building Structural Systems | p. 372 |
| Architectural and Structural Information | p. 373 |
| Electrical Information | p. 374 |
| Mechanical/Electrical Equipment Space Requirements | p. 374 |
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) | p. 376 |
| Conversion Factors | p. 379 |
| Length | p. 380 |
| Weight | p. 380 |
| Area | p. 380 |
| Volume | p. 380 |
| Velocity | p. 380 |
| Speed of Sound in Air | p. 381 |
| Pressure | p. 381 |
| Density | p. 381 |
| Energy | p. 381 |
| Flow | p. 382 |
| HVAC Metric Conversions | p. 382 |
| Properties of Air and Water | p. 383 |
| Properties of Air/Water Vapor Mixtures | p. 384 |
| Properties of Air | p. 392 |
| Properties of Water | p. 399 |
| Glycol Systems | p. 411 |
| General Notes | p. 413 |
| General | p. 414 |
| Piping | p. 416 |
| Plumbing | p. 418 |
| HVAC/Sheet Metal | p. 419 |
| Fire Protection | p. 421 |
| Ductwork | p. 423 |
| Ductwork Systems | p. 424 |
| Hydronic Piping Systems | p. 459 |
| Hydronic Piping Systems | p. 460 |
| Glycol Systems | p. 470 |
| Air Conditioning (AC) Condensate Piping | p. 471 |
| Steam Piping Systems | p. 473 |
| Steam Systems | p. 474 |
| Steam Condensate Systems | p. 520 |
| Pipe Materials, Expansion, and Support | p. 701 |
| Pipe Properties | p. 702 |
| Pipe Expansion | p. 709 |
| Pipe Support | p. 716 |
| Space Requirements | p. 719 |
| Space Requirements | p. 720 |
| Miscellaneous | p. 725 |
| Airborne Contaminants | p. 726 |
| Miscellaneous | p. 730 |
| Designer's Checklist | p. 747 |
| Boilers, Chillers, Cooling Towers, Heat Exchangers, and Other Central Plant Equipment | p. 748 |
| Air Handling Equipment--Makeup, Recirculation, and General Air Handling Equipment | p. 748 |
| Piping Systems--General | p. 749 |
| Steam and Condensate Piping | p. 751 |
| Low Temperature Hot Water and Dual Temperature Systems | p. 752 |
| Chilled Water and Condenser Water Systems | p. 752 |
| Air Systems | p. 753 |
| Process Exhaust Systems | p. 756 |
| Refrigeration | p. 757 |
| Controls | p. 758 |
| Sanitary and Storm Water Systems | p. 759 |
| Domestic Water Systems | p. 761 |
| Fire Protection | p. 762 |
| Natural Gas Systems | p. 763 |
| Fuel Oil Systems | p. 764 |
| Laboratory and Medical Gas Systems | p. 765 |
| General | p. 765 |
| Architect and/or Owner Coordination | p. 768 |
| Structural Engineer Coordination | p. 769 |
| Electrical Engineer Coordination | p. 770 |
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