Preface | p. xiii |
Basic Optics and Optical System Specifications | p. 1 |
The Purpose of an Imaging Optical System | p. 2 |
How to Specify Your Optical System: Basic Parameters | p. 3 |
Basic Definition of Terms | p. 10 |
Useful First-Order Relationships | p. 13 |
Stops, Pupils, and Other Basic Principles | p. 27 |
The Role of the Aperture Stop | p. 28 |
Entrance and Exit Pupils | p. 28 |
Vignetting | p. 30 |
Diffraction, Aberrations, and Image Quality | p. 35 |
What Image Quality Is All About | p. 36 |
What Are Geometrical Aberrations and Where Do They Come From? | p. 37 |
What Is Diffraction? | p. 41 |
Diffraction-Limited Performance | p. 43 |
Derivation of System Specifications | p. 45 |
The Concept of Optical Path Difference | p. 49 |
Optical Path Difference (OPD) and the Rayleigh Criteris? | p. 50 |
Peak-to-Valley and RMS Wavefront Error | p. 52 |
The Wave Aberration Polynomial | p. 55 |
Depth of Focus | p. 56 |
Review of Specific Geometrical Aberrations and How to Get Rid of Them | p. 61 |
Spherical Aberration | p. 63 |
Coma | p. 72 |
Astigmatism | p. 76 |
Field Curvature and the Role of Field Lenses | p. 78 |
Distortion | p. 85 |
Axial Color | p. 88 |
Lateral Color | p. 90 |
Parametric Analysis of Aberrations Introduced by Plane Parallel Plates | p. 90 |
Glass Selection (Including Plastics) | p. 95 |
Material Properties Overview | p. 96 |
The Glass Map and Partial Dispersion | p. 97 |
Parametric Examples of Glass Selection | p. 103 |
How to Select Glass | p. 107 |
Plastic Optical Materials | p. 110 |
Spherical and Aspheric Surfaces | p. 115 |
Definition of an Aspheric Surface | p. 116 |
Conic Surfaces | p. 118 |
Application of Aspheric Surfaces in Reflective and Refractive Systems | p. 119 |
Guidelines in the Use of Aspheric Surfaces | p. 124 |
Specifications of Aspheric Surfaces | p. 127 |
Design Forms | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 130 |
System Configurations for Refractive Systems | p. 131 |
System Configurations for Reflective Systems | p. 139 |
Reflective Systems, Relative Merits | p. 144 |
Refractive Systems, Relative Merits | p. 147 |
Mirrors and Prisms | p. 147 |
Design of Visual Systems | p. 155 |
The Optical Design Process | p. 167 |
What Do We Do When We Optimize a Lens System? | p. 169 |
How Does the Designer Approach the Optical Design Task? | p. 172 |
Sample Lens Design Problem | p. 176 |
Computer Performance Evaluation | p. 181 |
What Is Meant by Performance Evaluation | p. 182 |
What Is Resolution? | p. 182 |
Ray Trace Curves | p. 184 |
Spot Diagrams | p. 190 |
Optical Path Difference | p. 191 |
Encircled Energy | p. 192 |
MTF | p. 193 |
Gaussian Beam Imagery | p. 203 |
Beam Waist and Beam Divergence | p. 205 |
Collimation of Laser Beams | p. 207 |
Propagation of Gaussian Beams and Focusing into a Small Spot | p. 208 |
Truncation of Gaussian Beams | p. 209 |
Application of Gaussian Beam Optics in Laser Systems | p. 212 |
F-[theta] Lenses in Laser Scanners | p. 215 |
Basics of Thermal Infrared Imaging in the 3- to 5- and 8- to 12-[mu]m Spectral Bands (Plus UV Optics) | p. 217 |
The Basics of Thermal Infrared Imaging | p. 218 |
The Dewar, Cold Stop, and Cold Shield | p. 221 |
Cold Stop Efficiency | p. 223 |
Scanning Methods | p. 226 |
IR Materials | p. 233 |
Reduced Aberrations with IR Materials | p. 240 |
Image Anomalies | p. 244 |
Athermalization | p. 250 |
System Design Examples | p. 254 |
Optical Systems for the UV | p. 259 |
Diffractive Optics | p. 263 |
Diffraction Grating, Volume Holographic Elements, Kinoforms, and Binary Surfaces | p. 264 |
Diffraction Efficiency | p. 272 |
Achromatic Doublet and the Hybrid Refractive-Diffractive Achromat | p. 275 |
Applications of Diffractive Optical Components | p. 279 |
Parametric Examples of Diffractive Optics Designs | p. 281 |
Summary of Diffractive Optics | p. 287 |
Design of Illumination Systems | p. 289 |
Introduction | p. 290 |
Kohler and Abbe Illumination | p. 291 |
Optical Invariant and Etendue | p. 292 |
Other Types of Illumination Systems | p. 296 |
Performance Evaluation and Optical Testing | p. 301 |
Testing with the Standard 1951 U.S. Air Force Target | p. 302 |
The Modulation Transfer Function | p. 306 |
Interferometry | p. 308 |
Other Tests | p. 313 |
Tolerancing and Producibility | p. 315 |
Introduction | p. 316 |
What Are Testplates and Why Are They Important? | p. 317 |
How to Tolerance an Optical System | p. 322 |
How Image Degradations from Different Tolerances Are Summed | p. 325 |
Forms of Tolerances | p. 328 |
Adjusting Parameters | p. 332 |
Typical Tolerances for Various Cost Models | p. 334 |
Example of Tolerance Analysis | p. 336 |
Surface Irregularities | p. 342 |
How Does Correlation Relate to Performance? | p. 345 |
Effect to Spot Diameter | p. 346 |
Effect to MTF: The Optical Quality Factor | p. 347 |
Beam Diameter and Surface Irregularity | p. 350 |
The Final Results | p. 352 |
Optical Manufacturing Considerations | p. 357 |
Material | p. 358 |
Manufacturing | p. 364 |
Special Fabrication Considerations | p. 370 |
Relative Manufacturing Cost | p. 380 |
Sourcing Considerations | p. 380 |
Conclusion | p. 383 |
Polarization Issues In Optical Design | p. 387 |
Introduction | p. 388 |
What Is Polarized Light? | p. 388 |
Polarization Elements | p. 392 |
Mathematics of Polarized Light | p. 404 |
Polarization Aberrations and Polarization Ray Tracing | p. 407 |
Geometrical Issues and the Maltese Cross | p. 409 |
Stress Birefringence | p. 412 |
Polarized Systems and Design Techniques | p. 413 |
Optical Thin Films | p. 421 |
Introduction | p. 422 |
Designing Optical Coatings | p. 423 |
Various Categories of Optical Coatings | p. 424 |
Optical Coating Process | p. 430 |
Coating Performance Versus Number of Layers | p. 435 |
Specifying Coating Requirements | p. 436 |
Relationship Between Production Cost, Tolerances, and Quality | p. 437 |
Hardware Design Issues | p. 439 |
Off-the-Shelf Optics | p. 440 |
How to Effectively Work with Off-the-Shelf Optics | p. 442 |
Working with Off-the-Shelf Singlets and Doublets | p. 443 |
Example of Lens Used at Conjugates Different from What It Was Designed | p. 444 |
Pupil Matching | p. 445 |
Development of a Lab Mockup Using Off-the-Shelf Optics | p. 448 |
Stray Light Control | p. 448 |
Optomechanical Design | p. 453 |
Lens Design Optimization Case Studies | p. 457 |
Error Function Construction | p. 458 |
Achromatic Doublet Lens Design | p. 459 |
Double Gauss Lens Design | p. 465 |
Digital Camera Lens | p. 486 |
Binocular Design | p. 494 |
Parametric Design Study of Simple Lenses Using Advanced Manufacturing Methods | p. 499 |
Design Data for Double Gauss | p. 502 |
Bloopers and Blunders in Optics | p. 513 |
Distortion in a 1:1 Imaging Lens | p. 514 |
Zoom Periscope | p. 516 |
Sign of Distortion | p. 516 |
Lens Elements That Are Not Necessary | p. 518 |
Pupil Problems | p. 519 |
Not Enough Light | p. 520 |
Athermalization Using Teflon | p. 521 |
Athermalization Specifications | p. 521 |
Bad Glass Choice | p. 521 |
Elements in Backwards | p. 522 |
Insufficient Sampling of Fields of View of Aperture | p. 523 |
Images Upside Down or Rotated | p. 524 |
The Hubble Telescope Null Lens Problem | p. 525 |
Rules of Thumb and Hints | p. 531 |
Glossary | p. 537 |
Bibliography | p. 547 |
Index | p. 551 |
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