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Preface | |
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Steam and Its Importance | |
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The Use of Steam | |
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The Steam-Plant Cycle | |
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The Power Plant | |
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Utility Boilers for Electric Power | |
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Coal-Fired Boilers | |
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Oil- and Gas-Fired Boilers | |
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Steam Considerations | |
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Boiler Feedwater | |
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Industrial and Small Power Plants | |
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Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Systems | |
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Power Plant Costs | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Boilers | |
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The Boiler | |
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Fundamentals of Steam Generation | |
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Boiling | |
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Circulation | |
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Steam-Water Separation | |
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Fire-Tube Boilers | |
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Water-Tube Boilers | |
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Steam-Water Separation | |
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Principles of Heat Transfer | |
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Superheaters | |
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Superheat Steam Temperature Control | |
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Attemperation | |
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Flue Gas Bypass | |
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Flue Gas Recirculation | |
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Heat-Recovery Equipment | |
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Furnace Design Considerations | |
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Furnace Construction | |
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Industrial and Utility Boilers | |
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Considerations for Coal Firing | |
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Spreader Stokers | |
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Pulverized-Coal Firing | |
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Stoker versus Pulverized-Coal Firing | |
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Pressurized versus Balanced-Draft Boiler Designs | |
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Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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The Process | |
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Comparison with Pulverized-Coal and Stoker Firing | |
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Advantages of Fluidized Bed Combustion | |
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Descriptions of Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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Emissions Control with Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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Bed Material | |
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Heat Transfer | |
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Modern Coal-Fired Plants-Summary | |
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Process Steam and Its Application | |
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Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Systems | |
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Nuclear Steam Generation | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Design and Construction of Boilers | |
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Materials Used in Boiler Construction | |
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Stresses in Tubes and Drums | |
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Drum Construction | |
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Welded Construction | |
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Structural Support Components | |
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Manholes, Handholes, and Fittings | |
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Boiler Assembly | |
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Heating Surface and Capacity | |
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Boiler Capacity Calculation | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Combustion of Fuels | |
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The Combustion Process | |
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The Theory of Combustion | |
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The Air Supply | |
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Coal | |
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Fuel Oil | |
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Gas | |
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By-Product Fuels | |
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Control of the Combustion Process | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Boiler Settings, Combustion Systems, and Auxiliary Equipment | |
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Boiler Settings | |
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Hand Firing | |
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Stokers | |
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Underfeed Stokers | |
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Overfeed Stokers | |
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Pulverized Coal | |
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Contact Mills | |
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Ball Mills | |
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Impact Mills | |
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Mill Feeders | |
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Gravimetric Feeders | |
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Burners | |
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Lighters | |
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Flame Safety System | |
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Operation | |
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Fuel Oil | |
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Steam- or Air-Atomizing Burners | |
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Pressure-Type Burners | |
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Oil Burning Characteristics | |
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Gas | |
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Oil- and Gas-Firing Safety Precautions | |
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Automatic Operation of Boilers | |
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Stacks | |
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Mechanical Draft: Fans | |
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Steam and Air Jets | |
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Flues and Ducts | |
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Ash Handling Systems | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Boiler Accessories | |
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Water Columns | |
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Pressure Measurement | |
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Temperature Measurement | |
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Feedwater Regulators | |
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Safety Valves | |
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Blowdown Equipment | |
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Nonreturn Valves | |
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Steam Piping | |
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Sootblowers | |
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Valves | |
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Instruments and Automatic Control Systems | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Operation and Maintenance of Boilers | |
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Boiler Startup | |
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Normal Operation | |
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Combustion Control | |
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Ash Handling | |
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Water Supply | |
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Boiler Efficiency | |
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Insulation and Lagging | |
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Operating Characteristics of Fluidized Bed Boilers | |
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Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) Boilers | |
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Bubbling Fluid Bed (BFB) Boilers | |
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Abnormal Operation | |
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Idle Boilers | |
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Maintenance | |
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Boiler Internal Inspection | |
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Evaluating the Condition of a Boiler | |
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Making Repairs | |
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Inspection and Maintenance Requirements of Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Pumps | |
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Pumps | |
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Injectors | |
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Duplex Pumps | |
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Power Pumps | |
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Vacuum Pumps | |
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Rotary Pumps | |
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Centrifugal Pumps | |
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Facts about Fluids and Pumping | |
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Factors Affecting Pump Operation | |
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Considerations for Pump Selection | |
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Pump Installation and Operation | |
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Pump Testing and Calculations | |
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Pump Maintenance | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Steam Turbines, Condensers, and Cooling Towers | |
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Steam Turbines | |
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Turbine Types and Applications | |
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Turbine Stage Design | |
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Major Components of a Turbine | |
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Turbine Design and Construction | |
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Thrust Bearing | |
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Packing | |
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Governors | |
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Lubrication | |
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Turbine Control | |
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Erection of the Steam Turbine | |
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Relief Valves and Rupture Disks for Turbines | |
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Turbine Piping | |
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Electric Generators | |
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Condensers | |
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Surface Condensers | |
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Air-Cooled Condensers | |
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Condenser Materials and Construction | |
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Cooling Towers | |
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Types of Cooling Towers | |
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Design Considerations | |
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Materials of Construction | |
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Condenser Auxiliaries | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Operating and Maintaining Steam Turbines, Condensers, Cooling Towers, and Auxiliaries | |
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Turbines | |
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Turbine Operation | |
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Turbine Maintenance | |
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Turbine Performance | |
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Condensers | |
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Surface Condenser Operation | |
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Surface Condenser Maintenance | |
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Air-Cooled Steam Condenser Operation | |
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Cooling Towers | |
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Operation of Cooling Towers | |
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Maintenance of Cooling Towers | |
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Auxiliaries | |
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Traveling Screens | |
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Pumps | |
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Steam-Jet Ejectors and Vacuum Pumps | |
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Vacuum Gauges | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Auxiliary Steam-Plant Equipment | |
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Condensate System | |
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Feedwater Heaters | |
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Closed Feedwater Heaters | |
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Open Feedwater Heaters (Deaerators) | |
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Operation and Maintenance of Feedwater Heaters | |
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Condensate Polishing Systems | |
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Raw Water Treatment | |
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Ion-Exchange Water Conditioners | |
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Evaporators | |
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Boiler Blowdown | |
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Piping System | |
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Steam Traps | |
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Pipeline Separators and Strainers | |
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Lubricants and Lubricating Devices | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Environmental Control Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Environmental Considerations | |
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Sources of Plant Emissions | |
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Available Technologies for the Control of Emissions | |
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SO[subscript 2] Control | |
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NO[subscript x] Control | |
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Particulate Control | |
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Regulatory Requirements | |
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Particulate and Sulfur Dioxide Removal Requirements | |
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Particulate Removal | |
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Sulfur Dioxide Removal | |
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Industrial Boilers | |
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Equipment for Particulate Emission Control | |
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Mechanical Collectors | |
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Electrostatic Precipitators | |
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Bag Filterhouses | |
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Equipment for Sulfur Dioxide Scrubber Systems | |
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Wet Scrubbers | |
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Dry Scrubbers | |
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Systems for Control of Nitrogen Oxides (NO[subscript x]) | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Waste-to-Energy Plants | |
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Introduction | |
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Waste Disposal-A Worldwide Problem | |
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Potential Energy from MSW | |
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Landfills | |
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Solid Waste Composition | |
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Types of Energy-Recovery Technologies | |
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Mass Burning | |
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Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Burning | |
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Operation and Maintenance of Refuse Boilers | |
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Recycling | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling | |
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Economics and Quality Products from Recycling | |
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Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) | |
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Waste-to-Energy Plants and Recycling | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Unit Conversions | |
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Geometric Formulas | |
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Steam Tables and Charts | |
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Answers to Problems | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |