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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Positive Displacement Compressor Technology. | |
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Theory. | |
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Symbols | |
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How a Compressor Works | |
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First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Ideal or Perfect Gas Laws | |
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Vapor Pressure | |
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Gas and Vapor | |
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Partial Pressures | |
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Critical Conditions | |
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Compressibility | |
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Generalized Compressibility Charts | |
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Gas Mixtures | |
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The Mole | |
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Specific Volume and Density | |
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Volume Percent of Constituents | |
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Molecular Weight of a Mixture | |
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Specific Gravity and Partial Pressure | |
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Ratio of Specific Heats | |
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Pseudo-critical Conditions and Compressibility | |
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Weight-Basis Items | |
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Compression Cycles | |
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Power Requirement | |
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Compressibility Correction | |
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Multiple Staging | |
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Volume References | |
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Cylinder Clearance and Volumetric Efficiency | |
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Cylinder Clearance and Compression Efficiency | |
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Reference | |
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Reciprocating Process Compressor Design Overview. | |
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Crankshaft Design | |
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Bearings and Lubrication Systems | |
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Connecting Rods | |
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Crossheads | |
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Frames and Cylinders | |
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Cooling Provisions | |
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Pistons | |
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Piston and Rider Rings | |
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Valves | |
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Piston Rods | |
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Packings | |
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Cylinder Lubrication | |
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Distance Pieces | |
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Reciprocating Compressor Modernization | |
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Reciprocating Compressor Performance and Monitoring Considerations. | |
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Capacity Control | |
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More About Cylinder Jacket Cooling and Heating Arrangements | |
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Comparing Lubricated and Nonlubricated Conventional Cylinder Construction | |
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Compressor Vent and Buffer Systems | |
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Compressor Instrumentation | |
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Condition Monitoring of Reciprocating Compressors | |
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References | |
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Labyrinth Piston Compressors. | |
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Main Design Features | |
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Energy Consumption | |
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Sealing Problems | |
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Hypercompressors. | |
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Introduction | |
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Cylinders and Piston Seals | |
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Cylinder Heads and Valves | |
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Drive Mechanism | |
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Miscellaneous Problems | |
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Conclusions | |
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Metal Diaphragm Compressors. | |
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Introduction | |
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Terminology | |
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Description | |
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Lobe and Sliding Vane Compressors. | |
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Liquid Ring Compressors. | |
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Rotary Screw Compressors and Filter Separators. | |
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Twin-Screw Machines | |
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Oil-Flooded Single-Screw Compressors | |
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Selecting Modern Reverse-Flow Filter-Separator Technology | |
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Reciprocating Compressor Performance and Sizing Fundamentals. | |
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Theoretical Maximum Capacity | |
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Capacity Losses | |
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Valve Preload | |
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Valve and Gas Passage Throttling | |
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Piston Ring Leakage | |
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Packing Leakage | |
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Discharge Valve Leakage | |
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Suction Valve Leakage | |
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Heating Effects | |
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Pulsation Effects | |
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Horsepower | |
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Horsepower Adders | |
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Gas Properties | |
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Alternative Equations of State | |
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Condensation | |
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Frame Loads | |
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Compressor Displacement and Clearance | |
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Staging | |
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Fundamentals of Sizing | |
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Sizing Examples | |
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Dynamic Compressor Technology. | |
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Simplified Equations for Determining the Performance of Dynamic Compressors. | |
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Nonoverloading Characteristics of Centrifugal Compressors | |
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Stability | |
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Speed Change | |
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Compressor Drive | |
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Calculations | |
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Design Considerations and Manufacturing Techniques. | |
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Axially vs. Radially Split | |
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Tightness | |
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Material Stress | |
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Nozzle Location and Maintenance | |
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Design Overview | |
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Bearing Configurations | |
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Casing Design Criteria | |
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Casing Manufacturing Techniques | |
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Stage Design Considerations | |
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Impeller Manufacturing Techniques | |
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Rotor Dynamic Considerations | |
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Fouling Considerations and Coatings | |
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Advanced Sealing and Bearing Systems. | |
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Background | |
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Dry Seals | |
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Magnetic Bearings | |
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Development Efforts | |
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Thrust-Reducing Seals | |
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Integrated Designs | |
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Fluid-Induced Instability and Externally Pressurized Bearings | |
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References | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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Couplings, Torque Transmission, and Torque Sensing. | |
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Coupling Overview | |
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Coupling Retrofits and Upgrades | |
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Performance Optimization Through Torque Monitoring | |
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Lubrication, Sealing, and Control Oil Systems for Turbomachinery. | |
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Considerations Common to All Systems | |
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Seal Oil Considerations | |
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Compressor Control. | |
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Introduction | |
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Control System Objectives | |
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Compressor Maps | |
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Performance Control | |
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Performance Limitations | |
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Preventing Surge | |
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Loop Decoupling | |
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Conclusions | |
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Reference | |
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Head-Flow Curve Shape of Centrifugal Compressors. | |
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Compressor Stage | |
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Elements of the Characteristic Shape | |
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Conclusions | |
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Use of Multiple-Inlet Compressors. | |
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Critical Selection Criteria | |
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Design of a Sideload Compressor | |
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Testing | |
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Compressor Performance Testing. | |
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Performance Testing of New Compressors | |
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Shop Testing and Types of Tests | |
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Field Testing | |
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Predicting Compressor Performance at Other Than As-Designed Conditions | |
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References | |
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Procurement, Audit, and Asset Management Decisions. | |
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Incentives to Buy from Knowledgeable and Cooperative Compressor Vendors | |
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Industry Standards and Their Purpose | |
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Disadvantages of Cheap Process Compressors | |
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Audits vs. Reviews | |
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Auditing and Reviewing Compressors | |
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Compressor Inspection: Extension of the Audit Effort | |
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Compressor Installation Specifications | |
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Special-Purpose Machinery | |
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References | |
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Reliability-Driven Asset Management Strategies. | |
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Strategy for Reciprocating Compressors | |
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Achieving Compressor Asset Optimization | |
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References | |
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Properties Of Common Gases. | |
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Shortcut Calculations And Graphical Compressor Selection Procedures. | |
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Bibliography And List Of Contributors. | |
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Index | |