Preface | p. xii |
Some Preliminary Thoughts | p. 1 |
Hypersonic Flight--Some Historical Firsts | p. 2 |
Hypersonic Flow--Why is it Important? | p. 4 |
Hypersonic Flow--What is it? | p. 13 |
Thin Shock Layers | p. 14 |
Entropy Layer | p. 14 |
Viscous Interaction | p. 15 |
High-Temperature Flows | p. 17 |
Low-Density Flow | p. 20 |
Recapitulation | p. 23 |
Hypersonic Flight Paths; the Velocity-Altitude Map | p. 24 |
Summary and Outlook | p. 26 |
Problems | p. 28 |
Inviscid Hypersonic Flow | |
Hypersonic Shock and Expansion-Wave Relations | p. 31 |
Introduction | p. 32 |
Basic Hypersonic Shock Relations | p. 33 |
Hypersonic Shock Relations in Terms of the Hypersonic Similarity Parameter | p. 38 |
Hypersonic Expansion-Wave Relations | p. 40 |
Summary | p. 43 |
Problem | p. 44 |
Local Surface Inclination Methods | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 46 |
Newtonian Flow | p. 46 |
Modified Newtonian Law | p. 53 |
Centrifugal Force Corrections to Newtonian Theory | p. 56 |
Newtonian Theory--What it Really Means | p. 62 |
Tangent-Wedge/Tangent-Cone Methods | p. 66 |
Shock-Expansion Method | p. 70 |
Summary and Comment | p. 74 |
Problems | p. 75 |
Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Approximate Methods | p. 76 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
The Governing Equations | p. 77 |
Mach Number Independence | p. 78 |
The Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Equations | p. 83 |
Hypersonic Similarity | p. 89 |
Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Theory: Some Results | p. 100 |
A Comment on Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Theory | p. 116 |
The Hypersonic Equivalence Principle and Blast Wave Theory | p. 117 |
Thin Shock-Layer Theory | p. 138 |
Summary and Comments | p. 145 |
Problems | p. 147 |
Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Exact Methods | p. 148 |
General Thoughts | p. 149 |
Method of Characteristics | p. 150 |
The Hypersonic Blunt-Body Problem | p. 166 |
Correlations for Hypersonic Shock-Wave Shapes | p. 189 |
Modern Computational Hypersonics: Additional Solutions of the Euler Equations | p. 192 |
Summary, and Comments on the State of the Art | p. 207 |
A Final Comment | p. 209 |
Problems | p. 209 |
Viscous Hypersonic Flow | |
Viscous Flow: Basic Aspects, Boundary Layer Results, and Aerodynamic Heating | p. 213 |
Introduction | p. 214 |
Governing Equations for Viscous Flow: The Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 217 |
Similarity Parameters and Boundary Conditions | p. 219 |
The Boundary Layer Equations for Hypersonic Flow | p. 222 |
Hypersonic Boundary Layer Theory: Self-Similar Solutions | p. 228 |
Flat Plate Case | p. 237 |
Stagnation Point Case | p. 250 |
Summary | p. 258 |
Nonsimilar Hypersonic Boundary Layers | p. 259 |
Local Similarity Method | p. 260 |
Difference-Differential Method | p. 263 |
Finite-Difference Method | p. 266 |
Hypersonic Transition | p. 271 |
Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer | p. 280 |
The Reference Temperature Method | p. 286 |
Hypersonic Aerodynamic Heating: Some Comments and Approximate Results Applied to Hypersonic Vehicles | p. 288 |
Entropy Layer Effects on Aerodynamic Heating | p. 295 |
Summary | p. 297 |
Problems | p. 300 |
Hypersonic Viscous Interactions | p. 301 |
Introduction | p. 302 |
Strong and Weak Viscous Interactions: Definition and Description | p. 305 |
The Role of x in Hypersonic Viscous Interaction | p. 307 |
Other Viscous Interaction Results | p. 315 |
Hypersonic Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions | p. 321 |
Summary | p. 332 |
Problems | p. 333 |
Computational Fluid Dynamic Solutions of Hypersonic Viscous Flows | p. 335 |
Introduction | p. 336 |
Viscous Shock-Layer Technique | p. 337 |
Parabolized Navier-Stokes Solutions | p. 344 |
Full Navier-Stokes Solutions | p. 353 |
Summary and Comments | p. 360 |
High-Temperature Gas Dynamics | |
High-Temperature Gas Dynamics: Some Introductory Considerations | p. 363 |
The Importance of High-Temperature Flows | p. 364 |
The Nature of High-Temperature Flows | p. 372 |
Chemical Effects in Air: The Velocity-Altitude Map | p. 373 |
Summary and Comments | p. 376 |
Some Aspects of the Thermodynamics of Chemically Reacting Gases (Classical Physical Chemistry) | p. 377 |
Introduction: Definition of Real Gases and Perfect Gases | p. 378 |
Various Forms of the Perfect Gas Equation of State | p. 379 |
Various Descriptions of the Composition of a Gas Mixture | p. 385 |
Classification of Gases | p. 387 |
The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 391 |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 395 |
The Calculation of Entropy | p. 397 |
Gibbs Free Energy, and the Entropy Produced by Chemical Nonequilibrium | p. 399 |
Composition of Equilibrium Chemically Reacting Mixtures: The Equilibrium Constant | p. 402 |
Heat of Reaction | p. 409 |
Summary | p. 410 |
Problems | p. 412 |
Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics | p. 413 |
Introduction | p. 414 |
Microscopic Description of Gases | p. 415 |
Counting the Number of Microstates for a Given Macrostate | p. 423 |
The Most Probable Macrostate | p. 425 |
The Limiting Case: Boltzmann Distribution | p. 428 |
Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties in Terms of the Partition Function | p. 430 |
Evaluation of the Partition Function in Terms of T and V | p. 435 |
Practical Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties for a Single Chemical Species | p. 438 |
The Calculation of the Equilibrium Constant | p. 443 |
Chemical Equilibrium--Some Further Comments | p. 448 |
Calculation of the Equilibrium Composition for High-Temperature Air | p. 449 |
Thermodynamic Properties of an Equilibrium Chemically Reacting Gas | p. 453 |
Equilibrium Properties of High-Temperature Air | p. 457 |
Summary | p. 465 |
Problems | p. 467 |
Elements of Kinetic Theory | p. 468 |
Introduction | p. 469 |
The Perfect Gas Equation of State (Revisited) | p. 469 |
Collision Frequency and Mean Free Path | p. 473 |
Velocity and Speed Distribution Functions: Mean Velocities | p. 476 |
Summary | p. 480 |
Problems | p. 481 |
Chemical and Vibrational Nonequilibrium | p. 482 |
Introduction | p. 483 |
Vibrational Nonequilibrium: The Vibrational Rate Equation | p. 484 |
Chemical Nonequilibrium: The Chemical Rate Equation | p. 491 |
Chemical Nonequilibrium in High-Temperature Air | p. 495 |
Chemical Nonequilibrium in H[subscript 2]-Air Mixtures | p. 501 |
Summary | p. 501 |
Inviscid High-Temperature Equilibrium Flows | p. 503 |
Introduction | p. 504 |
Governing Equations for Inviscid High-Temperature Equilibrium Flow | p. 504 |
Equilibrium Normal and Oblique Shock-Wave Flows | p. 507 |
Equilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows | p. 520 |
Frozen and Equilibrium Flows: The Distinction | p. 527 |
Equilibrium and Frozen Specific Heats | p. 530 |
Equilibrium Speed of Sound | p. 533 |
Equilibrium Conical Flow | p. 536 |
Equilibrium Blunt-Body Flows | p. 542 |
Summary and Comments | p. 546 |
Problems | p. 547 |
Inviscid High-Temperature Nonequilibrium Flows | p. 548 |
Introduction | p. 549 |
Governing Equations for Inviscid, Nonequilibrium Flows | p. 550 |
Nonequilibrium Normal and Oblique Shock-Wave Flows | p. 555 |
Nonequilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows | p. 563 |
Nonequilibrium Blunt-Body Flows | p. 571 |
Binary Scaling | p. 580 |
Nonequilibrium Flow Over Other Shapes: Nonequilibrium Method of Characteristics | p. 583 |
Summary and Comments | p. 589 |
Problems | p. 590 |
Kinetic Theory Revisited: Transport Properties in High-Temperature Gases | p. 591 |
Introduction | p. 592 |
Definition of Transport Phenomena | p. 592 |
Transport Coefficients | p. 596 |
The Mechanism of Diffusion | p. 600 |
Energy Transport by Thermal Conduction and Diffusion: Total Thermal Conductivity | p. 602 |
Transport Properties for High-Temperature Air | p. 605 |
Summary | p. 609 |
Viscous High-Temperature Flows | p. 610 |
Introduction | p. 611 |
Governing Equations for Chemically Reacting Viscous Flow | p. 611 |
Alternate Forms of the Energy Equation | p. 614 |
Boundary Layer Equations for a Chemically Reacting Gas | p. 618 |
Boundary Conditions: Catalytic Walls | p. 623 |
Boundary Layer Solutions: Stagnation Point Heat Transfer for a Dissociating Gas | p. 626 |
Boundary Layer Solutions: Nonsimilar Flows | p. 636 |
Viscous Shock Layer (VSL) Solutions to Chemically Reacting Flow | p. 639 |
Parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) Solutions to Chemically Reacting Flows | p. 646 |
Full Navier-Stokes Solutions to Chemically Reacting Flows | p. 648 |
Summary and Comments | p. 652 |
Problems | p. 652 |
Introduction to Radiative Gas Dynamics | p. 653 |
Introduction | p. 654 |
Definitions of Radiative Transfer in Gases | p. 655 |
The Radiative Transfer Equation | p. 657 |
Solutions of the Radiative Transfer Equation: Transparent Gas | p. 659 |
Solutions of the Radiative Transfer Equation: Absorbing Gas | p. 662 |
Solutions of the Radiative Transfer Equation: Emitting and Absorbing Gas | p. 664 |
Radiating Flowfields: Sample Results | p. 667 |
Summary | p. 674 |
Problems | p. 674 |
Postface | p. 676 |
References | p. 677 |
Index | p. 687 |
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