Preface | p. xi |
Metric and Centrigrade Conversions and Abbreviations | p. xv |
Official Letter Codes and Native Names for Countries | p. xvi |
Europe Defined | p. 1 |
The Continental Myth | p. 1 |
Europe as a Human Entity | p. 9 |
European Great Ideas | p. 14 |
Europe Bounded | p. 17 |
Advance and Retreat | p. 22 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 26 |
Habitat | p. 29 |
The European Mountains | p. 29 |
Earthquakes and Vulcanism | p. 34 |
The Plains of Europe | p. 37 |
The European Hills | p. 42 |
Human Modification of Terrain | p. 43 |
Major Climate Types | p. 44 |
Minor Climate Types | p. 50 |
Human Influence on Climate | p. 51 |
Vegetation Regions | p. 54 |
Forest Death | p. 65 |
Soil Regions | p. 65 |
Anthrosols | p. 67 |
Hydrogeography | p. 68 |
Dutch Coastline Alteration | p. 71 |
Coastal Silting | p. 77 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 79 |
Religion | p. 83 |
Pagan Europe | p. 83 |
Diffusion of Christianity | p. 86 |
Christian Fragmentation | p. 90 |
Roman Catholicism | p. 91 |
Pilgrimages | p. 93 |
Protestantism | p. 95 |
Eastern Orthodoxy | p. 98 |
The East-West Divide | p. 100 |
Uniate and Armenian Churches | p. 103 |
Dechristianization | p. 103 |
Sects and Cults | p. 106 |
Non-Christian Minorities | p. 106 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 112 |
Geolinguistics | p. 115 |
The Indo-European Language Family | p. 115 |
Indo-European Diffusion | p. 117 |
Romance Languages | p. 120 |
Germanic Languages | p. 124 |
Slavic Languages | p. 127 |
Celtic Languages | p. 129 |
Other Indo-European Groups | p. 132 |
Non-Indo-European Languages | p. 133 |
Linguistic Decline and Revival | p. 135 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 138 |
Geogenetics | p. 141 |
European Racial Self-Identity | p. 141 |
Racially Exotic Immigration | p. 142 |
Traditional Europoid Subraces | p. 144 |
Blood Chemistry | p. 147 |
DNA Research | p. 151 |
Neandertals and Moderns | p. 155 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 158 |
Geodemography | p. 161 |
Numbers | p. 161 |
Density and Distribution | p. 162 |
Migration | p. 163 |
Immigration | p. 166 |
Internal Migration | p. 168 |
Zero Population Growth | p. 169 |
Demographic Collapse? | p. 172 |
Age Structure | p. 174 |
Education | p. 174 |
Health | p. 176 |
Wealth | p. 179 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 180 |
Geopolitics | p. 185 |
Fragmentation | p. 185 |
Separatism | p. 187 |
The Ethnic Mainspring | p. 188 |
Nonethnic Separatism | p. 189 |
Types of States | p. 190 |
Boundaries | p. 195 |
France: A Successful Unitary State | p. 197 |
Germany: Federalism in the European Core | p. 200 |
The United Kingdom: Joining European Core and Periphery | p. 202 |
Italy: Roman Legacy | p. 205 |
Spain: A Multiethnic State | p. 207 |
Switzerland and Belgium: Astride a Language Divide | p. 208 |
Yugoslavia: A Balkan Tragedy | p. 211 |
Russia: Nation-State or Empire? | p. 214 |
Ukraine: From Border Province to Independent State | p. 217 |
The European Union | p. 218 |
NATO and Beyond | p. 223 |
Electoral Geography | p. 225 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 229 |
Cities | p. 233 |
The Mercantile City | p. 233 |
The Industrial City | p. 240 |
Counterurbanization | p. 241 |
Urban Site | p. 242 |
Cityscapes | p. 247 |
Urban Zones | p. 253 |
Human Patterns | p. 258 |
Types of Cities | p. 262 |
The Urban Network | p. 271 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 278 |
Primary and Secondary Industries | p. 283 |
Historical Geography | p. 283 |
Traditional Manufacturing Systems | p. 285 |
The Industrial Revolution | p. 286 |
Diffusion to the Mainland | p. 292 |
Spreading beyond the Coalfields | p. 296 |
Deindustrialization | p. 298 |
Industrial Rejuvenation | p. 302 |
Core and Periphery | p. 305 |
Environmental Damage | p. 306 |
The Green Movement | p. 308 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 310 |
Service Industries | p. 313 |
Highways | p. 314 |
Road Congestion | p. 320 |
Railroads | p. 322 |
Waterways | p. 326 |
Pipelines | p. 329 |
Air Transport | p. 330 |
Communications | p. 332 |
Euromobile | p. 332 |
Energy Production | p. 334 |
The Environmental Cost | p. 336 |
Producer Services | p. 336 |
Consumer Services | p. 338 |
Tourism | p. 339 |
A Mixed Blessing | p. 343 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 344 |
Agriculture | p. 347 |
Origin and Diffusion | p. 347 |
Mediterranean Agriculture: The Ager | p. 349 |
The Hortus | p. 350 |
The Saltus | p. 352 |
Mediterranean Rural Landscapes | p. 356 |
Three-Field Farming | p. 358 |
Villages and Fields | p. 362 |
Hardscrabble Herder-Farmers | p. 365 |
Burnbeaters of the North | p. 367 |
Nomadic Herding | p. 368 |
New Crop Introductions | p. 369 |
Specialization and Commercialization | p. 370 |
Market Gardening | p. 371 |
Dairying | p. 373 |
Cattle and Hog Fattening | p. 375 |
Sheep Raising | p. 377 |
Cash Grain Farming | p. 377 |
Reindeer Ranching | p. 377 |
Fish Farming | p. 378 |
Land Consolidation | p. 379 |
Land-Tenure Changes | p. 380 |
Development of Core and Periphery | p. 383 |
Rural Depopulation | p. 385 |
Preserving Rural Landscapes | p. 388 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 388 |
Regions | p. 393 |
The Europe of the Regions | p. 393 |
West versus East | p. 393 |
North versus South | p. 397 |
Core versus Periphery | p. 399 |
Eight Regions | p. 404 |
Sources and Suggested Readings | p. 405 |
Index | p. 409 |
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