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Preface | |
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Prologue | |
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Introduction | |
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Information Systems in the Small Enterprise | |
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The Evolution of Information Systems | |
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Agrarian, Industrial and Service "Ages" | |
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The Information Age (1950-Present) | |
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Microcomputing (1970-Present) | |
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Computing Terminology | |
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Information Systems Defined | |
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Distinguishing Features of the Small Enterprise | |
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Owner Participation | |
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Economic Constraints | |
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Competitive Pressures | |
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Small Enterprise Information Needs | |
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Production and Inventory | |
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Personnel | |
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Financial Reporting | |
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Marketing, Sales, and Service | |
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Customer Relations | |
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Microcomputing and the Information System End User | |
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The Systems Development Life Cycle | |
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CIS Life Cycles | |
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The Circular Nature of CIS | |
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Functional and Operational Obsolescence | |
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Reduced Duration of the SDLC | |
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Computer Information System Components | |
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People | |
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Procedures | |
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Software | |
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Software Classifications | |
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Hardware | |
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Data | |
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The Role of the Analyst | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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The Analyst as an Agent of Change | |
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The Analyst as a Problem-Solving Strategist | |
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The Analyst as a Group Facilitator | |
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The Role of Technology | |
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Methodologies, Tools, and Techniques | |
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CASE Tools | |
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Alternatives to CASE Technologies | |
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The Enhanced SDLC | |
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Chapter Appendix: Introducing Capital CASE | |
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Analysis | |
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Problem Identification and Definition | |
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Basic Information Processing Requirements | |
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Information Relevancy | |
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Information Accuracy | |
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Information Timeliness | |
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Information Usability | |
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Information Affordability | |
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Information Adaptability | |
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Symptom, Problem, and Solution Summary | |
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Small-Enterprise Information System Problems | |
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Source Data Input Inefficiencies | |
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Breakdowns in Subsystem Integration | |
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Fact Finding and Diagnosis | |
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For Example ... The CIS Lab and Silhouette Sea Charters | |
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Industry Research | |
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Personal Contacts | |
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Fact-Finding Interviews, Questionnaires, and Observations | |
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Documentation Review | |
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Looking at the Five System Components | |
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The Request for System Services | |
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Feasibility Analysis | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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"Build" versus "Buy" Strategies | |
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Cost and Delivery Parameters | |
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The Feasibility Report and Project Contract | |
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Documentation and Deliverables | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Data Flow Diagrams | |
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Modeling the System | |
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Process Models | |
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Data Models | |
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System Models | |
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Abstractions and Computer Information Systems | |
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The Data Flow Diagram | |
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Standard Notation | |
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Standard Rules for Construction | |
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Identifying External Entities, Processes, and Data Stores | |
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The Context Diagram | |
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System Boundaries | |
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Internal and External Entities | |
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Level Decomposition | |
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Identifying Events within a Process | |
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Identifying the Data Flows | |
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Determining When to Stop Decomposition | |
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Logical and Physical DFDs | |
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CASE Tools for Data Flow Diagramming | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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System and Data Models | |
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User-Friendly System Models | |
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The User's System Diagram | |
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The Menu Tree | |
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The System Flowchart | |
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Data Models | |
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File Processing Fundamentals | |
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The Relational Database | |
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Entity-Relationship Diagrams | |
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Normalization | |
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Introducing the Data Dictionary | |
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Three Normal Forms | |
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New System Design -- A First Look | |
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The Proposed User's System Diagram | |
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CASE Tools for System and Data Modeling | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Project Management | |
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Budgets | |
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Hardware and Software Costs | |
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Labor Costs | |
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Cost Estimates versus Actuals | |
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Status Reporting | |
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Gantt Charts | |
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Project Status Worksheet | |
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Task Tracking | |
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Status Reporting: Step by Step | |
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Project Resource Management | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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PERT Charts | |
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The Critical Path | |
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Project Summaries and Review to Proceed or Terminate | |
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The Project Dictionary | |
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The Scope of the Project Dictionary | |
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Project Dictionary Specifications | |
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The Preliminary Presentation | |
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Automated Project Management Tools | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Design | |
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Problem Solving and Design Development Strategies | |
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A Modeling Continuum | |
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Design, Evaluate, Revise | |
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A Modeling Matrix | |
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Alternative Approaches to Design Work | |
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Physical Representations | |
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Paper and Pencil Walk-Through | |
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Adapting Existing Solutions | |
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Structured Design | |
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Modularity | |
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Coupling and Cohesion | |
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Design and the Small Enterprise | |
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Design Alternatives | |
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Traditional Information System Types | |
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Evaluating Alternative Designs | |
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For Example ... Sunrise Systems | |
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An Introduction to the Design Specifications | |
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Developing the New System USD | |
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Design Prototyping | |
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Previewing the Design Report and Review Session | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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File and Form Design | |
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The New System Models | |
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A Design Partnership: Joint Application Design | |
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The New System Models: Step by Step | |
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Formal Joint Application Design | |
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Data Transformations | |
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File Design Fundamentals | |
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Traditional File Types | |
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4GL File Types | |
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File Organization | |
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File Structure | |
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File Security and Controls | |
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Estimating System Resource Requirements | |
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File Design: Step by Step | |
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File Design for Sunrise Systems | |
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Form Design Fundamentals | |
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Source Documents | |
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Screen Prompted Input and GUIDs | |
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Automated Input | |
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Editing for Errors | |
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Form Design: Step by Step | |
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File and Form Design with CASE Tools | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Report and Query Design | |
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Output Content | |
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Tailoring Reports to Accommodate the Audience | |
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Combining Information from Several Files | |
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Output to a Data File | |
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Output Security | |
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Reporting Frequencies and Presentation | |
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Regularly Scheduled Periodic Reports | |
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On-Demand Reports | |
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User Inquiry | |
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Output Design Fundamentals | |
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Hardcopy versus Softcopy | |
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Structured Query Language (SQL) | |
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Reports versus Queries | |
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QBE and SQL Access | |
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Estimating System Resource Requirements | |
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Output Design: Step by Step | |
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Output Design with CASE Tools | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Process Design | |
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4GL Options | |
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Vertical Software | |
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Horizontal Software | |
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Integrated Software | |
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Software Suites | |
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Process Design Fundamentals | |
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Building on the DFD: The Menu Tree and Systems Flowchart | |
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"Low Tech" File Sharing (Cut-and-Paste, Import-Export) | |
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"High Tech" File Sharing (DDE and OLE) | |
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Process Design: Step by Step | |
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Programming Perspectives | |
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Programming for the Nonprogrammer | |
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Document Processing and Application Integration | |
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Programming Flowcharts | |
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Structure Charts | |
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Menuing Software | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Cost/Benefit Analysis | |
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System Resource Requirements | |
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Data, People and Procedure Resource Needs | |
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Hardware and Software Resource Needs | |
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Product Research: Request for Bids and Proposals | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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System Cost and Benefit Components | |
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Cost Elements | |
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Benefit Elements | |
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Charting System Costs and Benefits | |
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New System Cost/Benefit Chart | |
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New System versus Old System Costs | |
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The Design Review Session | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Development | |
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Prototyping | |
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Prototyping Fundamentals | |
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Prototyping and the SDLC | |
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Prototyping Levels and Types | |
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Prototyping Tools | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Prototyping | |
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For Example ... The Political Research Corporation | |
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Rapid Application Development (RAD) | |
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Prototyping Step by Step | |
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Prototyping with CASE Tools | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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4GL Programming | |
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Procedural and Nonprocedural Programming | |
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Object-Oriented Programming | |
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Program Development: Step by Step | |
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Applications Development without Programming | |
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Developing Graphical User Interface Dialogs | |
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Code Generators | |
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Hand Coding | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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Macros, Scripts, and Command Files | |
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4GL Programming with CASE Tools | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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System Environments | |
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The "PC" Solution | |
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PC Hardware Issues | |
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PC System Software Issues | |
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PC Information System Installation | |
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A Windows Installation: Step by Step | |
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The Macintosh Solution | |
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Macintosh Hardware Issues | |
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Macintosh System Software Issues | |
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Macintosh Information System Installation | |
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Networking Solutions | |
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The PowerPC Mac | |
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Networking Hardware Issues | |
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Networking Software Issues | |
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Networking Induced CIS Changes | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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The SDLC and Networking | |
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System Architecture and CASE | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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System Testing | |
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Testing Goals | |
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Incremental Testing | |
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Testing Costs and Benefits | |
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Testing Limitations | |
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Testing Scope | |
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Design Phase Testing | |
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Development Phase Testing | |
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Implementation Phase Testing | |
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Test Data | |
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Debug: An Electronic Pest Control Tool | |
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Fictional Workbench Testing | |
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Live Field Testing | |
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Testing Procedures | |
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Error Rate Tolerances | |
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Documenting Test Results | |
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CASE Tools and System Testing | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Implementation | |
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System Documentation and Training | |
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System Documentation | |
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Project By-Products as System Documentation | |
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Project Manuals as System Documentation | |
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Training Methodologies | |
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Instructor-Directed Learning | |
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User-Directed Learning | |
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CIS Training Techniques | |
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Training Cycles | |
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The Audience | |
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The Detail | |
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The Setting | |
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Training Materials | |
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Training Manual | |
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Procedures Manual | |
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Reference Manual | |
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Ethics and Training | |
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An Objective Standard | |
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For Example ... LandScapeS | |
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A Code of Conduct | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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System Conversion | |
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File Preparation | |
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New File Creation | |
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Old File Transformation | |
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File Synchronization and Control | |
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Conversion Options | |
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Conventional Cost/Risk Assessment | |
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Small-Enterprise Conversion Cost/Risk | |
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The Conversion Plan | |
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Project Review | |
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Product Guarantees | |
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User Acceptance | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Information System Maintenance and Review | |
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Programmed Reviews | |
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Performance Norms | |
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The Review Report | |
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Types of System Maintenance | |
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Corrective System Maintenance | |
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Routine System Maintenance | |
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Upgrade System Maintenance | |
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Information System Obsolescence | |
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System Costs versus System Benefits | |
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Changing Information Needs of the Enterprise | |
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Maintenance Contracting | |
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Preparing for the New System | |
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Maintaining Professional Skills | |
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Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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The Cornucopia Case | |
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Epilogue | |
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Technical Writing and Presentations | |
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Hardware Perspectives | |
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Software Perspectives | |
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Glossary | |
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Selected References | |
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Index | |