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| Preface | |
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| Prologue | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Information Systems in the Small Enterprise | |
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| The Evolution of Information Systems | |
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| Agrarian, Industrial and Service "Ages" | |
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| The Information Age (1950-Present) | |
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| Microcomputing (1970-Present) | |
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| Computing Terminology | |
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| Information Systems Defined | |
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| Distinguishing Features of the Small Enterprise | |
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| Owner Participation | |
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| Economic Constraints | |
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| Competitive Pressures | |
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| Small Enterprise Information Needs | |
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| Production and Inventory | |
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| Personnel | |
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| Financial Reporting | |
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| Marketing, Sales, and Service | |
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| Customer Relations | |
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| Microcomputing and the Information System End User | |
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| The Systems Development Life Cycle | |
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| CIS Life Cycles | |
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| The Circular Nature of CIS | |
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| Functional and Operational Obsolescence | |
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| Reduced Duration of the SDLC | |
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| Computer Information System Components | |
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| People | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Software | |
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| Software Classifications | |
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| Hardware | |
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| Data | |
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| The Role of the Analyst | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| The Analyst as an Agent of Change | |
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| The Analyst as a Problem-Solving Strategist | |
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| The Analyst as a Group Facilitator | |
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| The Role of Technology | |
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| Methodologies, Tools, and Techniques | |
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| CASE Tools | |
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| Alternatives to CASE Technologies | |
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| The Enhanced SDLC | |
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| Chapter Appendix: Introducing Capital CASE | |
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| Analysis | |
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| Problem Identification and Definition | |
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| Basic Information Processing Requirements | |
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| Information Relevancy | |
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| Information Accuracy | |
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| Information Timeliness | |
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| Information Usability | |
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| Information Affordability | |
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| Information Adaptability | |
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| Symptom, Problem, and Solution Summary | |
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| Small-Enterprise Information System Problems | |
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| Source Data Input Inefficiencies | |
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| Breakdowns in Subsystem Integration | |
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| Fact Finding and Diagnosis | |
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| For Example ... The CIS Lab and Silhouette Sea Charters | |
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| Industry Research | |
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| Personal Contacts | |
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| Fact-Finding Interviews, Questionnaires, and Observations | |
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| Documentation Review | |
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| Looking at the Five System Components | |
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| The Request for System Services | |
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| Feasibility Analysis | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| "Build" versus "Buy" Strategies | |
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| Cost and Delivery Parameters | |
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| The Feasibility Report and Project Contract | |
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| Documentation and Deliverables | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Data Flow Diagrams | |
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| Modeling the System | |
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| Process Models | |
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| Data Models | |
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| System Models | |
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| Abstractions and Computer Information Systems | |
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| The Data Flow Diagram | |
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| Standard Notation | |
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| Standard Rules for Construction | |
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| Identifying External Entities, Processes, and Data Stores | |
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| The Context Diagram | |
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| System Boundaries | |
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| Internal and External Entities | |
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| Level Decomposition | |
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| Identifying Events within a Process | |
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| Identifying the Data Flows | |
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| Determining When to Stop Decomposition | |
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| Logical and Physical DFDs | |
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| CASE Tools for Data Flow Diagramming | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| System and Data Models | |
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| User-Friendly System Models | |
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| The User's System Diagram | |
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| The Menu Tree | |
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| The System Flowchart | |
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| Data Models | |
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| File Processing Fundamentals | |
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| The Relational Database | |
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| Entity-Relationship Diagrams | |
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| Normalization | |
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| Introducing the Data Dictionary | |
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| Three Normal Forms | |
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| New System Design -- A First Look | |
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| The Proposed User's System Diagram | |
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| CASE Tools for System and Data Modeling | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Project Management | |
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| Budgets | |
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| Hardware and Software Costs | |
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| Labor Costs | |
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| Cost Estimates versus Actuals | |
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| Status Reporting | |
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| Gantt Charts | |
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| Project Status Worksheet | |
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| Task Tracking | |
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| Status Reporting: Step by Step | |
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| Project Resource Management | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| PERT Charts | |
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| The Critical Path | |
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| Project Summaries and Review to Proceed or Terminate | |
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| The Project Dictionary | |
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| The Scope of the Project Dictionary | |
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| Project Dictionary Specifications | |
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| The Preliminary Presentation | |
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| Automated Project Management Tools | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Design | |
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| Problem Solving and Design Development Strategies | |
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| A Modeling Continuum | |
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| Design, Evaluate, Revise | |
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| A Modeling Matrix | |
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| Alternative Approaches to Design Work | |
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| Physical Representations | |
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| Paper and Pencil Walk-Through | |
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| Adapting Existing Solutions | |
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| Structured Design | |
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| Modularity | |
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| Coupling and Cohesion | |
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| Design and the Small Enterprise | |
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| Design Alternatives | |
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| Traditional Information System Types | |
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| Evaluating Alternative Designs | |
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| For Example ... Sunrise Systems | |
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| An Introduction to the Design Specifications | |
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| Developing the New System USD | |
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| Design Prototyping | |
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| Previewing the Design Report and Review Session | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| File and Form Design | |
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| The New System Models | |
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| A Design Partnership: Joint Application Design | |
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| The New System Models: Step by Step | |
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| Formal Joint Application Design | |
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| Data Transformations | |
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| File Design Fundamentals | |
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| Traditional File Types | |
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| 4GL File Types | |
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| File Organization | |
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| File Structure | |
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| File Security and Controls | |
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| Estimating System Resource Requirements | |
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| File Design: Step by Step | |
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| File Design for Sunrise Systems | |
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| Form Design Fundamentals | |
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| Source Documents | |
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| Screen Prompted Input and GUIDs | |
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| Automated Input | |
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| Editing for Errors | |
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| Form Design: Step by Step | |
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| File and Form Design with CASE Tools | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Report and Query Design | |
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| Output Content | |
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| Tailoring Reports to Accommodate the Audience | |
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| Combining Information from Several Files | |
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| Output to a Data File | |
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| Output Security | |
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| Reporting Frequencies and Presentation | |
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| Regularly Scheduled Periodic Reports | |
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| On-Demand Reports | |
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| User Inquiry | |
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| Output Design Fundamentals | |
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| Hardcopy versus Softcopy | |
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| Structured Query Language (SQL) | |
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| Reports versus Queries | |
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| QBE and SQL Access | |
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| Estimating System Resource Requirements | |
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| Output Design: Step by Step | |
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| Output Design with CASE Tools | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Process Design | |
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| 4GL Options | |
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| Vertical Software | |
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| Horizontal Software | |
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| Integrated Software | |
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| Software Suites | |
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| Process Design Fundamentals | |
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| Building on the DFD: The Menu Tree and Systems Flowchart | |
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| "Low Tech" File Sharing (Cut-and-Paste, Import-Export) | |
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| "High Tech" File Sharing (DDE and OLE) | |
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| Process Design: Step by Step | |
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| Programming Perspectives | |
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| Programming for the Nonprogrammer | |
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| Document Processing and Application Integration | |
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| Programming Flowcharts | |
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| Structure Charts | |
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| Menuing Software | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Cost/Benefit Analysis | |
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| System Resource Requirements | |
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| Data, People and Procedure Resource Needs | |
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| Hardware and Software Resource Needs | |
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| Product Research: Request for Bids and Proposals | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| System Cost and Benefit Components | |
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| Cost Elements | |
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| Benefit Elements | |
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| Charting System Costs and Benefits | |
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| New System Cost/Benefit Chart | |
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| New System versus Old System Costs | |
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| The Design Review Session | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Development | |
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| Prototyping | |
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| Prototyping Fundamentals | |
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| Prototyping and the SDLC | |
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| Prototyping Levels and Types | |
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| Prototyping Tools | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Prototyping | |
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| For Example ... The Political Research Corporation | |
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| Rapid Application Development (RAD) | |
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| Prototyping Step by Step | |
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| Prototyping with CASE Tools | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| 4GL Programming | |
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| Procedural and Nonprocedural Programming | |
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| Object-Oriented Programming | |
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| Program Development: Step by Step | |
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| Applications Development without Programming | |
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| Developing Graphical User Interface Dialogs | |
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| Code Generators | |
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| Hand Coding | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| Macros, Scripts, and Command Files | |
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| 4GL Programming with CASE Tools | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| System Environments | |
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| The "PC" Solution | |
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| PC Hardware Issues | |
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| PC System Software Issues | |
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| PC Information System Installation | |
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| A Windows Installation: Step by Step | |
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| The Macintosh Solution | |
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| Macintosh Hardware Issues | |
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| Macintosh System Software Issues | |
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| Macintosh Information System Installation | |
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| Networking Solutions | |
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| The PowerPC Mac | |
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| Networking Hardware Issues | |
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| Networking Software Issues | |
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| Networking Induced CIS Changes | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| The SDLC and Networking | |
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| System Architecture and CASE | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| System Testing | |
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| Testing Goals | |
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| Incremental Testing | |
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| Testing Costs and Benefits | |
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| Testing Limitations | |
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| Testing Scope | |
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| Design Phase Testing | |
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| Development Phase Testing | |
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| Implementation Phase Testing | |
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| Test Data | |
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| Debug: An Electronic Pest Control Tool | |
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| Fictional Workbench Testing | |
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| Live Field Testing | |
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| Testing Procedures | |
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| Error Rate Tolerances | |
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| Documenting Test Results | |
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| CASE Tools and System Testing | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Implementation | |
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| System Documentation and Training | |
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| System Documentation | |
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| Project By-Products as System Documentation | |
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| Project Manuals as System Documentation | |
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| Training Methodologies | |
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| Instructor-Directed Learning | |
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| User-Directed Learning | |
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| CIS Training Techniques | |
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| Training Cycles | |
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| The Audience | |
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| The Detail | |
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| The Setting | |
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| Training Materials | |
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| Training Manual | |
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| Procedures Manual | |
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| Reference Manual | |
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| Ethics and Training | |
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| An Objective Standard | |
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| For Example ... LandScapeS | |
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| A Code of Conduct | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| System Conversion | |
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| File Preparation | |
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| New File Creation | |
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| Old File Transformation | |
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| File Synchronization and Control | |
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| Conversion Options | |
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| Conventional Cost/Risk Assessment | |
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| Small-Enterprise Conversion Cost/Risk | |
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| The Conversion Plan | |
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| Project Review | |
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| Product Guarantees | |
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| User Acceptance | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Information System Maintenance and Review | |
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| Programmed Reviews | |
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| Performance Norms | |
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| The Review Report | |
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| Types of System Maintenance | |
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| Corrective System Maintenance | |
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| Routine System Maintenance | |
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| Upgrade System Maintenance | |
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| Information System Obsolescence | |
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| System Costs versus System Benefits | |
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| Changing Information Needs of the Enterprise | |
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| Maintenance Contracting | |
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| Preparing for the New System | |
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| Maintaining Professional Skills | |
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| Ethics: Where Are You on the Gray Scale? | |
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| The Cornucopia Case | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Technical Writing and Presentations | |
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| Hardware Perspectives | |
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| Software Perspectives | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Index | |