Matter and Measurements | p. 2 |
Types of Matter | p. 3 |
Measurements | p. 8 |
Properties of Substances | p. 15 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Antoine Lavoisier | p. 16 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Titanium: A Space-Age Metal | p. 19 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 20 |
Summary Problem | p. 21 |
Questions & Problems | p. 21 |
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions | p. 26 |
Atoms and the Atomic Theory | p. 27 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: John Dalton | p. 27 |
Components of the Atom | p. 28 |
Introduction to the Periodic Table | p. 33 |
Molecules and Ions | p. 35 |
Formulas of Ionic Compounds | p. 40 |
Names of Compounds | p. 41 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Ethyl Alcohol and the Law | p. 45 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 46 |
Summary Problem | p. 47 |
Questions & Problems | p. 47 |
Mass Relations in Chemistry; Stoichiometry | p. 52 |
Atomic Masses | p. 53 |
The Mole | p. 56 |
Mass Relations in Chemical Formulas | p. 58 |
Mass Relations in Reactions | p. 61 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Hydrates | p. 68 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 69 |
Summary Problem | p. 69 |
Questions & Problems | p. 70 |
Reactions in Aqueous Solution | p. 76 |
Solute Concentrations; Molarity | p. 77 |
Precipitation Reactions | p. 79 |
Acid-Base Reactions | p. 82 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Svante August Arrhenius | p. 87 |
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | p. 87 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Antacids | p. 94 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 95 |
Summary Problem | p. 95 |
Questions & Problems | p. 96 |
Gases | p. 102 |
Measurements on Gases | p. 103 |
The Ideal Gas Law | p. 105 |
Gas Law Calculations | p. 107 |
Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions | p. 110 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Amadeo Avogadro | p. 112 |
Gas Mixtures: Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions | p. 113 |
Kinetic Theory of Gases | p. 115 |
Real Gases | p. 121 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Airbags | p. 123 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 124 |
Summary Problem | p. 124 |
Questions & Problems | p. 125 |
Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table | p. 130 |
Light, Photon Energies, and Atomic Spectra | p. 131 |
The Hydrogen Atom | p. 134 |
Quantum Numbers | p. 138 |
Atomic Orbitals; Shapes and Sizes | p. 141 |
Electron Configurations in Atoms | p. 141 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Glenn Seaborg | p. 145 |
Orbital Diagrams of Atoms | p. 146 |
Electron Arrangements in Monatomic Ions | p. 148 |
Periodic Trends in the Properties of Atoms | p. 150 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: The Aurora | p. 155 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 156 |
Summary Problem | p. 156 |
Questions & Problems | p. 157 |
Covalent Bonding | p. 162 |
Lewis Structures; The Octet Rule | p. 164 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: G. N. Lewis | p. 172 |
Molecular Geometry | p. 173 |
Polarity of Molecules | p. 180 |
Atomic Orbitals; Hybridization | p. 183 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: The Noble Gases | p. 188 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 189 |
Summary Problem | p. 189 |
Questions & Problems | p. 190 |
Thermochemistry | p. 194 |
Principles of Heat Flow | p. 195 |
Measurement of Heat Flow; Calorimetry | p. 198 |
Enthalpy | p. 201 |
Thermochemical Equations | p. 202 |
Enthalpies of Formation | p. 206 |
Bond Enthalpy | p. 210 |
The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 212 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Energy Balance in the Human Body | p. 216 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 218 |
Summary Problem | p. 218 |
Questions & Problems | p. 219 |
Liquids and Solids | p. 224 |
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium | p. 225 |
Phase Diagrams | p. 230 |
Molecular Substances; Intermolecular Forces | p. 233 |
Network Covalent, Ionic, and Metallic Solids | p. 238 |
Crystal Structures | p. 244 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Dorothy Hodgkin | p. 247 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Allotropy | p. 249 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 250 |
Summary Problem | p. 251 |
Questions & Problems | p. 252 |
Solutions | p. 256 |
Concentration Units | p. 257 |
Principles of Solubility | p. 261 |
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolytes | p. 264 |
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes | p. 271 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Maple Syrup | p. 274 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 275 |
Summary Problem | p. 275 |
Questions & Problems | p. 276 |
Rate of Reaction | p. 282 |
Meaning of Reaction Rate | p. 283 |
Reaction Rate and Concentration | p. 286 |
Reactant Concentration and Time | p. 290 |
Models for Reaction Rate | p. 295 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Henry Eyring | p. 299 |
Reaction Rate and Temperature | p. 299 |
Catalysts | p. 302 |
Reaction Mechanisms | p. 304 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: The Ozone Story | p. 308 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 310 |
Summary Problem | p. 310 |
Questions & Problems | p. 311 |
Gaseous Chemical Equilibrium | p. 320 |
The N[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]-NO[subscript 2] Equilibrium System | p. 321 |
The Equilibrium Constant Expression | p. 324 |
Determination of K | p. 329 |
Applications of the Equilibrium Constant | p. 330 |
Effect of Changes in Conditions on an Equilibrium System | p. 334 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: An Industrial Application of Gaseous Equilibrium | p. 340 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 342 |
Summary Problem | p. 342 |
Questions & Problems | p. 343 |
Acids and Bases | p. 350 |
Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Model | p. 351 |
The Ion Product of Water | p. 352 |
pH and pOH | p. 353 |
Weak Acids and Their Equilibrium Constants | p. 357 |
Weak Bases and Their Equilibrium Constants | p. 365 |
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions | p. 368 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Organic Acids and Bases | p. 371 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 373 |
Summary Problem | p. 373 |
Questions & Problems | p. 374 |
Equilibria in Acid-Base Solutions | p. 378 |
Buffers | p. 379 |
Acid-Base Indicators | p. 386 |
Acid-Base Titrations | p. 388 |
Chemistry: Beyond The Classroom: Acid Rain | p. 394 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 395 |
Summary Problem | p. 396 |
Questions & Problems | p. 396 |
Complex Ions | p. 402 |
Composition of Complex Ions | p. 403 |
Geometry of Complex Ions | p. 407 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Alfred Werner | p. 411 |
Electronic Structure of Complex Ions | p. 411 |
Formation Constants of Complex Ions | p. 416 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Chelates: Natural and Synthetic | p. 418 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 420 |
Summary Problem | p. 420 |
Questions & Problems | p. 421 |
Precipitation Equilibria | p. 424 |
Precipitate Formation; Solubility Product Constant (K[subscript sp]) | p. 425 |
Dissolving Precipitates | p. 431 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Qualitative Analysis | p. 436 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 438 |
Summary Problem | p. 438 |
Questions & Problems | p. 439 |
Spontaneity of Reaction | p. 444 |
Spontaneous Processes | p. 445 |
Entropy, S | p. 447 |
Free Energy, G | p. 452 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: J. Willard Gibbs | p. 453 |
Standard Free Energy Change, [Delta]G[degree] | p. 454 |
Effect of Temperature, Pressure, and Concentration on Reaction Spontaneity | p. 457 |
The Free Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant | p. 461 |
Additivity of Free Energy Changes; Coupled Reactions | p. 462 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Global Warming | p. 465 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 466 |
Summary Problem | p. 467 |
Questions & Problems | p. 468 |
Electrochemistry | p. 474 |
Voltaic Cells | p. 475 |
Standard Voltages | p. 479 |
Relations Between E[degree], [Delta]G[degree], and K | p. 484 |
Effect of Concentration on Voltage | p. 486 |
Electrolytic Cells | p. 489 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: Michael Faraday | p. 493 |
Commercial Cells | p. 493 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Corrosion of Metals | p. 498 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 499 |
Summary Problem | p. 500 |
Questions & Problems | p. 500 |
Nuclear Reactions | p. 506 |
Radioactivity | p. 507 |
Chemistry: The Human Side: The Curies | p. 511 |
Rate of Radioactive Decay | p. 512 |
Mass-Energy Relations | p. 514 |
Nuclear Fission | p. 518 |
Nuclear Fusion | p. 521 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Biological Effects of Radiation | p. 523 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 524 |
Summary Problem | p. 525 |
Questions & Problems | p. 525 |
Chemistry of the Metals | p. 530 |
Metallurgy | p. 531 |
Reactions of the Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals | p. 537 |
Redox Chemistry of the Transition Metals | p. 540 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Essential Metals in Nutrition | p. 546 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 547 |
Summary Problem | p. 547 |
Questions & Problems | p. 548 |
Chemistry of the Nonmetals | p. 550 |
The Elements and Their Preparation | p. 551 |
Hydrogen Compounds of Nonmetals | p. 555 |
Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetals | p. 559 |
Oxoacids and Oxoanions | p. 562 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Arsenic and Selenium | p. 570 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 571 |
Summary Problem | p. 571 |
Questions & Problems | p. 572 |
Organic Chemistry | p. 576 |
Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes | p. 577 |
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes | p. 581 |
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives | p. 583 |
Oxygen Compounds; Functional Groups | p. 585 |
Isomerism in Organic Compounds | p. 588 |
Synthetic Organic Polymers | p. 593 |
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Cholesterol | p. 596 |
Chapter Highlights | p. 598 |
Summary Problem | p. 598 |
Questions & Problems | p. 599 |
Units, Constants, and Reference Data | p. 603 |
Properties of the Elements | p. 609 |
Exponents and Logarithms | p. 611 |
Nomenclature | p. 616 |
Molecular Orbitals | p. 619 |
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems | p. 625 |
Gredits | p. 643 |
Index/Glossary | p. 647 |
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