| Introduction to Nursing Research | p. 1 |
| Discovering the World of Nursing Research | p. 2 |
| Definition of Nursing Research | p. 2 |
| Framework Linking Nursing Research to World of Nursing | p. 4 |
| The Evolution of Research in Nursing | p. 16 |
| Historical Development of Research in Nursing | p. 16 |
| Background for the Research Process | p. 21 |
| Nursing Research Methodologies | p. 23 |
| Introduction to Quantitative Research | p. 32 |
| Concepts Relevant to Quantitative Research | p. 32 |
| Steps of the Quantitative Research Process | p. 35 |
| Types of Quantitative Research | p. 44 |
| Introduction to Qualitative Research | p. 52 |
| The Logic of Qualitative Research | p. 52 |
| Gestalts | p. 53 |
| Philosophy and Qualitative Research | p. 54 |
| Rigor in Qualitative Research | p. 55 |
| Approaches to Qualitative Research | p. 55 |
| The Research Process | p. 69 |
| Research Problem and Purpose | p. 70 |
| What is a Research Problem and Purpose? | p. 70 |
| Sources of Research Problems | p. 71 |
| Formulating a Research Problem and Purpose | p. 78 |
| Example of Problem and Purpose Development | p. 80 |
| Feasibility of a Study | p. 81 |
| Quantitative, Qualitative, Outcomes, and Intervention Research Topics, Problems, and Purposes | p. 83 |
| Review of Relevant Literature | p. 93 |
| What is "The Literature"? | p. 93 |
| What is Literature Review? | p. 93 |
| Searching the Literature | p. 96 |
| Reading and Critiquing Sources | p. 104 |
| Writing the Review of Literature | p. 110 |
| Example of a Literature Review | p. 113 |
| Integrative Reviews | p. 113 |
| Frameworks | p. 121 |
| Definition of Terms | p. 121 |
| The Steps for Constructing a Study Framework | p. 136 |
| The Critique of Frameworks: Theoretical Substruction | p. 146 |
| Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses | p. 156 |
| Formulating Research Objectives | p. 156 |
| Formulating Research Questions | p. 158 |
| Formulating Hypotheses | p. 159 |
| Selecting Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses for Quantitative or Qualitative Research | p. 167 |
| Defining Research Variables | p. 168 |
| Operationalizing Variables or Concepts | p. 171 |
| Ethics in Research | p. 176 |
| Historical Events Affecting the Development of Ethical Codes and Regulations | p. 176 |
| Behavioral Research | p. 179 |
| Protection of Human Rights | p. 181 |
| Balancing Benefits and Risks for a Study | p. 191 |
| Obtaining Informed Consent | p. 193 |
| Institutional Review | p. 199 |
| Research Misconduct | p. 203 |
| Animals as Research Subjects | p. 206 |
| Understanding Quantitative Research Design | p. 211 |
| Concepts Important to Design | p. 212 |
| Study Validity | p. 214 |
| Elements of a Good Design | p. 219 |
| Triangulation | p. 224 |
| Selecting a Research Design | p. 231 |
| Descriptive Study Designs | p. 232 |
| Surveys | p. 239 |
| Correlational Study Designs | p. 239 |
| Defining Therapeutic Nursing Interventions | p. 242 |
| Quasi-Experimental Study Designs | p. 245 |
| Experimental Study Designs | p. 256 |
| Studies That Do Not Use Traditional Research Designs | p. 263 |
| Algorithms for Selecting Research Designs | p. 265 |
| Outcomes Research | p. 273 |
| The Theoretical Basis of Outcomes Research | p. 273 |
| What Led Us to Society's Demand for Outcomes Research? | p. 279 |
| Outcomes Research and Nursing Practice | p. 284 |
| Methodologies for Outcomes Studies | p. 290 |
| Disseminating Outcomes Research Findings | p. 305 |
| Intervention Research | p. 312 |
| What Are Nursing Interventions? | p. 312 |
| Problems With the True Experiment | p. 313 |
| Intervention Research | p. 314 |
| The Process of Intervention Research | p. 314 |
| Sampling | p. 341 |
| Sampling Theory | p. 341 |
| Probability (Random) Sampling Methods | p. 346 |
| Nonprobability (Nonrandom) Sampling Methods in Quantitative Research | p. 350 |
| Nonprobability Sampling Methods Used in Qualitative Research | p. 352 |
| Sample Size in Quantitative Research | p. 354 |
| Sample Size in Qualitative Research | p. 358 |
| Research Settings | p. 359 |
| Recruiting and Retaining Subjects | p. 361 |
| The Concepts of Measurement | p. 368 |
| Directness of Measurement | p. 368 |
| Measurement Error | p. 369 |
| Levels of Measurement | p. 372 |
| Reference of Measurement | p. 373 |
| Reliability | p. 374 |
| Validity | p. 376 |
| Reliability and Validity of Physiological Measures | p. 382 |
| Obtaining Validity in Qualitative Research | p. 383 |
| Measurement Strategies in Nursing | p. 387 |
| Physiological Measurement | p. 387 |
| Observational Measurement | p. 394 |
| Interviews | p. 396 |
| Questionnaires | p. 398 |
| Scales | p. 402 |
| Q Methodology | p. 406 |
| Delphi Technique | p. 407 |
| Projective Techniques | p. 407 |
| Diaries | p. 408 |
| Selection of an Existing Instrument | p. 411 |
| Constructing Scales | p. 412 |
| Translating a Scale to Another Language | p. 415 |
| Collecting and Managing Data | p. 421 |
| Planning Data Collection | p. 421 |
| Collecting Data | p. 430 |
| Serendipity | p. 437 |
| Having Access to Support Systems | p. 437 |
| Managing Data | p. 438 |
| Introduction to Statistical Analysis | p. 441 |
| The Concepts of Statistical Theory | p. 441 |
| Practical Aspects of Data Analysis | p. 452 |
| Resources for Statistical Analysis | p. 455 |
| Choosing Appropriate Statistical Procedures for a Study | p. 456 |
| Using Statistics to Describe Variables | p. 461 |
| Using Statistics to Summarize Data | p. 461 |
| Using Statistics to Explore Deviations in the Data | p. 463 |
| Using Statistics to Describe Patterns Across Time | p. 474 |
| Using Statistics to Examine Relationships | p. 483 |
| Scatter Diagrams | p. 483 |
| Bivariate Correlational Analysis | p. 484 |
| Multivariate Correlational Procedures | p. 489 |
| Using Statistics to Predict | p. 500 |
| Simple Linear Regression | p. 500 |
| Multiple Regression | p. 502 |
| Discriminant Analysis | p. 510 |
| Using Statistics to Examine Causality | p. 517 |
| Contingency Tables | p. 517 |
| Nonparametric Tests | p. 521 |
| @t-Tests | p. 527 |
| Analysis of Variance Procedures | p. 529 |
| Analysis of Covariance | p. 532 |
| Qualitative Research Methodology | p. 535 |
| Qualitative Research Issues | p. 536 |
| Data Collection Methods | p. 539 |
| Data Management and Reduction | p. 546 |
| Research Methodology of Specific Qualitative Approaches | p. 556 |
| Interpreting Research Outcomes | p. 574 |
| Examining Evidence | p. 574 |
| Findings | p. 577 |
| Forming Conclusions | p. 580 |
| Exploiting the Significance of Findings | p. 581 |
| Generalizing the Findings | p. 582 |
| Considering Implications | p. 582 |
| Suggesting Further Studies | p. 582 |
| Communicating Research Findings | p. 585 |
| Content of a Research Project | p. 585 |
| Audiences for Communication of Research Findings | p. 598 |
| Presenting Research Findings | p. 601 |
| Publishing Research Findings | p. 605 |
| Strategies for Using Research in Practice | p. 615 |
| Critical Analysis of Nursing Studies | p. 616 |
| Evolution of the Research Critique in Nursing | p. 616 |
| Critique Process for Quantitative Studies | p. 619 |
| Critique Process for Qualitative Studies | p. 627 |
| Using Research Knowledge to Promote an Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | p. 634 |
| Understanding Research Utilization and Evidence-Based Practice | p. 634 |
| Historical Perspective of Research Utilization in Nursing | p. 635 |
| Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: Barriers and Facilitators | p. 640 |
| Models to Promote Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | p. 642 |
| Expanding Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | p. 652 |
| Strategies for Developing an Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing | p. 661 |
| Proposal Writing for Research Approval | p. 662 |
| Writing a Research Proposal | p. 662 |
| Content of a Research Proposal | p. 663 |
| Seeking Approval for a Study | p. 671 |
| Sample Quantitative Research Proposal | p. 673 |
| Data Collection Protocol | p. 679 |
| Data Collection Form | p. 680 |
| Data Collection Plan | p. 681 |
| Consent Form | p. 681 |
| Dummy Table to Present Sample Characteristics | p. 682 |
| Seeking Funding for Research | p. 686 |
| Purposes for Seeking Research Funding | p. 686 |
| Ways to Learn Grantsmanship | p. 687 |
| Obtaining Federal Grants | p. 692 |
| Grant Management | p. 695 |
| Planning Your Next Grant | p. 695 |
| Appendixes | p. 697 |
| Table of Random Numbers | p. 699 |
| Cumulative Normal Distribution (Z) | p. 700 |
| Percentage Points of Student's t Distribution | p. 702 |
| Percentage Points of the F Distribution | p. 703 |
| Critical Values for the x[superscript 2] Distribution | p. 707 |
| Table of Probabilities Associated with Values as Small as Observed Values of U in the Mann-Whitney Test | p. 708 |
| Table of Critical Values of U in the Mann-Whitney Test | p. 711 |
| Percentiles of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistic | p. 713 |
| Table of Critical Values of r in the Runs Test | p. 715 |
| Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test (N = 5[1]50) | p. 717 |
| Table of Probabilities Associated with Values as Large as Observed Values of H in the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | p. 718 |
| Table of Probabilities Associated with Values as Large as Observed Values of x[superscript 2 subscript r] in the Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | p. 721 |
| Statistical Power Tables ([Delta] = Effect Size) | p. 723 |
| Glossary | p. 727 |
| Index | p. 757 |
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