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Preface | |
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Religion and Common Life in the Pre-Islamic Near East | |
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Early Civilizations and the Origins of Judaism and Christianity | |
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Egypt the Land | |
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Mesopotamia the Land | |
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The Origins of Judaism | |
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Abraham | |
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Moses | |
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Later Religious Development | |
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The Prophets | |
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From Ancient Israelite Religion to Judaism | |
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Awaiting God's Messiah | |
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Jesus of Nazareth | |
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Paul | |
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Christianity | |
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Christianity and Judaism | |
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Pre-Islamic Arabia: Beliefs, Values, Way of Life | |
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Pre-Islamic Arabia: Beliefs, Values, Way of Life | |
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Social Structure and Economy | |
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Poetry | |
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Pre-Islamic Religion | |
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The Coming of Islam: The Prophet, His People, and God's Religion | |
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Muhammad and the Early Muslim Community | |
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Before Muhammad | |
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Muhammad the Person | |
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Muhammad the Prophet | |
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The Qur'an | |
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The First Muslims | |
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The Development of Islam | |
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The Qur'an's Divine Message | |
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The Hijra | |
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Muhammad's Later Life | |
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Muhammad's Personal Life | |
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The Arab Conquests and Islamic Rule: The Struggle for a Unified Umma | |
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Muhammad's Heirs | |
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The Muslims' Foreign Conquests | |
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Early Muslim Governments and the Spread of the Umma | |
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Two Approaches to Politics and Rule | |
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The Spread of the Islamic Empire | |
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The Abbasids | |
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Other Muslim Peoples | |
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Islam's Achievements | |
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The Islamic Religious System | |
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The Basic Beliefs and Worship Practices of Islam | |
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The Five Doctrines of Islamic Faith | |
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The Five Acts of Worship | |
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Purification | |
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Ritual Impurity | |
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The Pillars of Islam | |
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The Nature and Function of the Qur'an | |
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Language, Format, and Chronology | |
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Recitation and Ritual Observances | |
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Contents and Nature of the Qur'an | |
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Interpretation of the Qur'an | |
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The "Inimitability" of the Qur'an | |
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The Prophet's Sunna as Preserved in the Hadith | |
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Muhammad and Scripture | |
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The Form of the Hadith | |
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Major Collections of Hadith | |
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The Prophet's and His Companions' Sunnas | |
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Muhammad as an Ideal Human | |
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Muslim Creeds and Theologies: Their Purposes and Varieties | |
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Theology | |
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Islamic Theology | |
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Theological Issues | |
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The Place of Reason | |
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The Mu'tazilite Rationalists | |
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Mu'tazilite Thought | |
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Three Muslim Creeds | |
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Orthodox Kalam and the Challenge of Philosophy | |
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Law and the State in Classical Islamic Formulations | |
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Islam as a Way of Life | |
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The Shari'a and Fiqh | |
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The Qur'an and the Law | |
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The Legal Scholars | |
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Schools of Law | |
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The Five Principles | |
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Sunni Law Schools | |
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Shi'i Law Schools | |
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Islamic Political Institutions: Forms, Functions, and Theories | |
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The Sufi Way of Mysticism and Fellowship | |
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Islamic Mysticism and the Disciplines of Esoteric Piety | |
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Sufism | |
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Asceticism in Early Islamic Contexts | |
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Sufi Symbolism | |
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Sufism as an Esoteric Discipline: The Tariqa or Way | |
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Al-Junayd and Sober Sufism | |
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Antinomian Sufism | |
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Intoxicated Sufism: Al-Hallaj | |
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States and Stations | |
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Al-Ghazali and the Reconciliation of Shari'a and Tariqa | |
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Masters and Disciples: The Forms and Functions of Sufi Orders | |
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The Rise of Sufi Orders | |
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Shaykhs and Faqirs: The Master-Disciple Relationship | |
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The Qadiri Order: Islam's Major International Sufi Brotherhood | |
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Other Classic Sufi Orders | |
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Jalal al-Din al-Rumi and the Mawlawis | |
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Rumi's Poetry | |
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The Silsila or Spiritual Lineage | |
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Dhikr and Sama': Remembrance and the Spiritual Concert | |
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Sufi Theosophy: The Thought of Ibn 'Arabi | |
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Patterns of Islamic Personal and Communal Life | |
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The Islamic Life Cycle and the Family | |
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Islamic Domestic Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs | |
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Rites of Infancy and Childhood | |
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Marriage (Nikah) | |
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Divorce (Talaq) | |
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Inheritance | |
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Property | |
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Interest | |
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Family Life | |
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Food and Eating Habits | |
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Clothing, Ornamentation, and Toilet | |
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Death Rituals | |
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Mourning Customs | |
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Ideals and Realities of Islamic Community Life | |
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The Closeness of the Community | |
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The Mosque | |
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The Marketplace | |
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Public Behavior | |
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Recreation | |
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Official Islam | |
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Popular Islam | |
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The Veneration of Saints | |
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Distinctive Shi'i Ritual Practices | |
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Islam in the Modern World | |
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Major Movements and Trends in Renewal and Reform | |
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Three Phases of Islamic History | |
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The Wahhabis | |
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Other Reform Movements | |
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Some Modernist Thinkers | |
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Islam and Nationalism | |
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Three Forms of Islamic Revival: "Fundamentalism," Feminism, and Establishing the Umma in North America | |
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Fundamentalism | |
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Islam and the Status of Women | |
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Islam and Muslims in North America | |
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Whither Islam and the Muslims? Progressive Muslims with a Vision of an "Islam without Borders" | |
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"Westoxication" | |
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Modernity and Westernization in the Post-9/11 World | |
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Progressive Muslims | |
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Progressive Assertiveness | |
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An Iranian Shi'ite Muslim's Voice in Human Rights and Rational Discourse | |
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Muslim Women Scholar-Activists | |
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Conclusion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Glossary | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Index | |