1. Reading for Writing. Becoming a Versatile Reader. Becoming an Active Reader. Prereading. Marking a Text Refocusing Practicing Active Reading. "My Wood" by E. M. Forster Postreading. Talking It Over Making Your Reading Meaningful Reading Between the Lines: Inferring Building Inference Skills Keeping a Journal About Your Reading. Recording Your Personal Responses Summarizing for Understanding and Remembering Outlining for Understanding and Remembering Make the Commitment. Writing for Others. Purpose in Writing Prewriting Activities Who Are My Readers? Consider Your Audience Prewriting Activities 2. Writing from Reading. Writing for Others. … Purpose in Writing Who Are My Readers? Audience and Purpose Activities The Prewriting Process. Generating Ideas. Directed Questioning Freewriting Brainstorming What Point Should I Make? Devising a Thesis The Revising Process. Brad Goldfarb, "The Art of Keeping Mum" How Do I Write about Essays? How Should I Organize My Ideas? Getting Started Structuring Your Essay Making a Plan Arranging Your Ideas Developing Your Ideas. How Should I Begin? Postpone If Nothing Comes Write an Appealing Opening State the Thesis How Should I End? Postpone or Write Ahead Write an Emphatic Last Sentence Composing the First Draft. 3. The Rewriting Process. What is Revision? Revising from the Top Down Revising on a Word Processor What Should I Add or Take Out? Outlining After You Write Checking Out a Paragraph What Should I Rearrange? Does It Flow? Revising Activity What Sentences Should I Combine? Rearranging for Conciseness Sentence Combining Activity Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety What Words Should I Change? Check Your Verbs Use Active Voice Most of the Time Use the Passive If Appropriate Choose Your Words Carefully Attend to Tone Choose an Appropriate Language Level Observing Revision. Sample Student Paper: First Draft with Instructor''s Comments Explanation of Revision Sample Student Paper: Final Version Revision Priorities. How Do I Proofread? 4. Reading Expressive Writing Critically. Identifying Characteristics. Sample for Critical Reading. Andrew Lam, "My Vietnam, My America" Checking Your Understanding. Dealing with Confusion 5. Illustrating a Point: Narrative. What Is Narrative? Looking at Personal Narrative. Langston Hughes, "Salvation" Dick Gregory, "Shame" Prewriting: Analyzing Effective Stories. Writing. Making a Point Selecting the Details Rewriting. Varying Strategies Using Conversation Combining Sentences 6. Developing a Written Voice. Listening to Voice. Scott Russel Sanders, "Under the Influence: Paying the Price of My Father''s Booze" Prewriting: Comparing Voices. Other Voices Writing. Rewriting. Anthology of Expressive Writing. Maya Angelou, "Graduation" Dave Barry, "Then a goat died, a rum-pa-pum-PUM, rum-pa-pum-PUM." Bernard Cooper, "Picking Plums: Fathers and Sons and Their Lovers." William Faulkner, "On Receiving the Nobel Prize." Marcia Ann Gillespie, "Delusions of Safety." William Least Heat-Moon, "Wind." Eugene Izzi, "Down and Out in Chicago." Maxine Hong Kingston, "Photographs of My Parents." Harold Krents, "Darkness at Noon." George Orwell, "A Hanging." Richard Selzer, "A Question of Mercy." Susan Allen Toth, "The Boyfriend." Mark Twain, "A Lightning Pilot." Mark Twain, "A Cub-Pilot''s Experience." Alice Walker, "Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self." Eudora Welty, "The Little Store." E. B. White, "The Geese." Elizabeth Wong, "The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl." 7. Reporting Information. Looking at Informative Writing. "Your Pond or Mine?: Confusion Reigns When Froggy Goes A-courtin''", by Carol Ezzell Analyzing Informative Writing Prewriting: How Do I Report Information Effectively? Writing: Using Primary Sources. Preparing for an Interview Managing the Interview Rewriting. Revising the Content Revising the Presentation 8. Organizing an Essay. The Basic Structure: Beginning, Middle, and End. Prewriting. Looking at Chronological Order. Richard Champlin, "With the Chernobyl Victims" Writing: Maintaining a Focus. Looking at Logical Order. Henry Dreher, "The Healing Power of Confession" Writing: Maintaining a Focus. Rewriting. 9. Developing the Content. How Do I Develop Ideas? Looking at Development. Sallie Tisdale, "We Do Abortions Here: A Nurse''s Story" Techniques for Development. Descriptive and Narrative Details Conversation Analogy and Metaphor Definition Contrast Factual Details Detailing a Process Explaining Your Reasoning Prewriting. Writing. Rewriting. Finding Points That Need Development Anthology of Informative Writing. Marilyn Burnside, "Tierheims: Lifesaving Animal Homes." Stanley Coren, "Does Society Make Right-Handers?" Joan Didion, "In Bed." Loren Eiseley, "How Flowers Changed the World." Fanny Howe, "The Plot Sickens." Donna Johnson, "How to Tell Time by a Cat''s Eye." Barry Lopez, "A Wolf in the Heart." John McPhee, "Family Doctor." Bill Moyers, "Medicine''s New Frontier." George Orwell, "Shooting an Elephant." David Owen, "Beating the Test." Katha Pollitt, "Being Wedded Is Not Always Bliss." Richard Selzer, "Taking the World in for Repairs." Scott Shuger, "What I Learned in School Today." Deborah Tannen, "The Uses of Gossip." Barbara Tuchman, "This is the End of the World: The Black Death." Judith Viorst, "The Truth About Lying." Robert Yeager, "Violence in Sports." 10. Establishing Credibility. How Does a Writer Establish Credibility? Being Knowledgeable About the Topic Demonstrating Fairness Using Responsible Language Analyzing Credibility. Fern Kupfer, "Institution Is Not a Dirty Word" Patricia Mainardi, "The Politics of Housework" Prewriting. Writing a Persuasive Essay. Rewriting. Guidelines for Establishing Credibility 11. Taking a Stand. What Is Persuasion? Analyzing Persuasive Writing "Television: The Plug-In Drug" by Marie Winn "Cigarette Ads and the Press" by William Styron Avoiding Logical Fallacies. Writing: Drafting a Persuasive Essay. Rewriting: Detecting Loaded Language. Use Connotative Language to Good Effect 12. Achieving Unity? What is Unity? Coherence Transitional Terms Rhetorical Questions Echo Transitions Coherence Through Deliberate Repetition Looking at Unifying Devices. "Sexual Decisions Based on Values" by William Raspberry Prewriting. Writing. Rewriting. Practicing Echo Transitions Modeling Repeated Structures Anthology of Persuasive Essays. Isaac Asimov, "My Built-in Doubter." Christopher Bacorn, "Dear Dads: Save Your Sons." James Baldwin, "Stranger in the Village." Judy Syfers Brady, "Why I Want a Wife." Donna Woolfolk Cross, "Sin, Suffer, and Repent." Ellen Goodman, "Parents Fight to Counter Culture." Sue Halpern, "Telling the Truth." Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream." Robin Lakoff, "You Are What You Say." Caryl Rivers, "Rock Lyrics and Violence Against Women." Adam Smith, "Fifty Million Handguns." Lewis Thomas, "Death in the Open." Gore Vidal, "Drugs." Robert L. Wick, Jr., "Why Pilot Drug Tests Don''t Improve Safety Record." Virginia Woolf, "Professions for Women." 13. Writing a Research Paper. Using Library Sources in Your Writing. Prewriting. Clustering Finding a Thesis Thinking as Problem Solving Locating Sources. Using the Card Catalog or Computer File Using the Readers'' Guide and Newspaper Indexes Using Computer Databases Using Specialized Indexes Using Government Documents Taking Notes Writing. Developing a Plan Avoiding Plagiarism. Integrating Sources Rewriting. Citing Sources Editing. Checking the Documentation Sample Student Documented Paper (MLA). Kathy Sawyer, "Madeline L''Engle: