| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Scope of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
The verdict on thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
The need for a macroscopic description | |
| |
| |
Ideal gas: A macroscopic description | |
| |
| |
Measurement of temperature | |
| |
| |
Ideal gas: A microscopic description | |
| |
| |
What will thermodynamics do for you? | |
| |
| |
What does thermodynamics not do for you? | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
The Structure of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
Large systems | |
| |
| |
Macroscopic variables | |
| |
| |
Equilibrium: A question of time and history | |
| |
| |
The fundamental relation: Entropy | |
| |
| |
Measurement and walls | |
| |
| |
Walls | |
| |
| |
Energy measurement | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
The Laws of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
Zeroth law: The fundamental relation | |
| |
| |
First law: Energy conservation | |
| |
| |
Second law: Entropy always rises | |
| |
| |
Examples of the second law in physical systems | |
| |
| |
Understanding the second law | |
| |
| |
Consequences of the first and second laws | |
| |
| |
Third law or Nernst's theorem: Zero temperature cannot be attained | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Intensive Variables | |
| |
| |
Pressure | |
| |
| |
Temperature | |
| |
| |
Chemical potentials | |
| |
| |
Intensive variables in the entropy representation | |
| |
| |
More on the physical significance of intensive variables | |
| |
| |
Euler equation and Gibbs-Duhem relation | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Simple Systems | |
| |
| |
Second derivatives: expansion coefficient, compressibility, heat capacity, and more | |
| |
| |
Mixture of ideal gases | |
| |
| |
Gas reactions | |
| |
| |
Blackbody radiation | |
| |
| |
Polymers | |
| |
| |
Thermodynamics of adsorbates | |
| |
| |
Magnetic systems | |
| |
| |
Diamagnetism | |
| |
| |
Paramagnetism | |
| |
| |
Ferromagnetism | |
| |
| |
Fundamental relation for magnetic systems | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Thermodynamic Potentials | |
| |
| |
Introducing internal constraints via reservoirs | |
| |
| |
Helmholtz free energy | |
| |
| |
Enthalpy | |
| |
| |
Joule-Thomson "throttling" process | |
| |
| |
Gas liquefaction | |
| |
| |
Gibbs free energy | |
| |
| |
Vapor pressure of small droplets | |
| |
| |
Osmosis | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Maxwell Relations | |
| |
| |
Maxwell relations | |
| |
| |
Reduction of derivatives | |
| |
| |
Applications | |
| |
| |
Adiabatic compression | |
| |
| |
Isothermal compression | |
| |
| |
Free expansion | |
| |
| |
Joule-Thomson throttling process | |
| |
| |
Heating a room | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Engines, Hurricanes, and Athletes | |
| |
| |
The Carnot cycle | |
| |
| |
Maximum work theorem | |
| |
| |
Engine efficiency | |
| |
| |
Gasoline engine: the Otto cycle | |
| |
| |
Diesel engine | |
| |
| |
Otto versus Diesel | |
| |
| |
Refrigerator | |
| |
| |
Heat pump | |
| |
| |
Cyclones | |
| |
| |
The greenhouse effect | |
| |
| |
A Carnot engine | |
| |
| |
Athletes: the human engine | |
| |
| |
Thermodynamics in economics | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Stability of Thermodynamic Systems | |
| |
| |
Macroscopic motion | |
| |
| |
Thermodynamic inequalities | |
| |
| |
Fluctuations and the principle of Le Chatelier and Braun | |
| |
| |
Phase Transitions | |
| |
| |
Latent heat | |
| |
| |
Clausius-Clapeyron equation | |
| |
| |
Van der Waals gas | |
| |
| |
Metastability: supersaturated water and overheated liquid | |
| |
| |
The critical point | |
| |
| |
The law of corresponding states and universality | |
| |
| |
Landau theory of phase transitions | |
| |
| |
No phase transitions in one-dimensional systems (almost) | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Summary of Useful Results and Final Remarks | |
| |
| |
Thermodynamic potentials | |
| |
| |
Entropy S(U,V,N) | |
| |
| |
Internal energy and others | |
| |
| |
Ideal gas | |
| |
| |
Van der Waals gas | |
| |
| |
Polymers | |
| |
| |
Joule-Thomson throttling | |
| |
| |
Engines | |
| |
| |
Phase transitions | |
| |
| |
Final remarks: beyond equilibrium thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
Partial Derivatives and Differential Forms | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Index | |