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List of Figures | |
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Introduction | |
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Virtual Reality: The Science of Illusion | |
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Basic Concepts | |
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Immersion | |
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Presence | |
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A Brief History of Virtual Reality | |
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Reality-Virtuality Continuum | |
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Fundamentals | |
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Computer Graphics | |
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Mathematics | |
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Coordinate Systems | |
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Vectors, Transformations and Matrices | |
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Angular Representations | |
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Projections | |
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3D Modeling | |
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Geometric Representations | |
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Curves | |
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Surfaces | |
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3D Rendering | |
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Local Illumination Model | |
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Global Illumination Model | |
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Textures | |
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Rendering Pipeline | |
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Computer Animation | |
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Introduction | |
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Animation Types: Real Time and Image by Image | |
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Articulated Bodies and Virtual Characters | |
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Motion Control Methods | |
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Motion Capture and Performance Animation | |
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Optical Motion Capture Systems | |
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Magnetic Trackers and Systems | |
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Motion Capture Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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Key-Frame Animation | |
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Shape Interpolation and Parametric Keyframe Animation | |
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Kochanek-Bartels Spline Interpolation | |
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Inverse Kinematics | |
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Motion Retargeting | |
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Procedural Animation | |
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Physics-Based Animation | |
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Behavioral Animation | |
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Virtual Worlds | |
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Virtual Characters | |
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Virtual Humans in Virtual Environments | |
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Character Skinning | |
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Skeleton-Based Deformations | |
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Data-Driven Methods | |
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Physics-Based Approaches | |
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Locomotion | |
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Locomotion Generation | |
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PCA-Based Locomotion | |
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Virtual Human-Object interaction | |
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Feature Modeling and Smart Objects | |
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Grasping | |
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Motion Planning | |
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Facial Animation | |
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Autonomous Characters | |
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Why Autonomous Virtual Characters? | |
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Properties of Autonomous Virtual Characters | |
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Behaviors for Autonomous Virtual Characters | |
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Crowd Simulation | |
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Architecture of Virtual Reality Systems | |
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Scene Graph-Based Systems | |
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Semantic Virtual Environments | |
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Generic System Architecture for VR Systems | |
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Distributed Virtual Environments | |
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Communication Architecture | |
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Interest Management | |
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Concurrency Control | |
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Data Replication | |
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Load Distribution | |
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Mixed Realities | |
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Augmented Reality and Augmented Virtuality | |
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Tracking Techniques | |
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Markers-Based Tracking | |
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Marker-Less Tracking | |
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Mixed Reality Tool Kits | |
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Perceiving Virtual Worlds | |
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Vision | |
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Graphical Display Technologies | |
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Cathode-Ray Tubes | |
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Liquid Crystal Displays | |
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Plasma Displays | |
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Virtual Reality Displays | |
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Head-Mounted Displays | |
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Fish Tank VR | |
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Handheld Displays | |
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Large Projection Screens | |
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CAVE Systems | |
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Audition | |
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The Need for Sound in VR | |
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Recording and Reproduction of Spatial Sound | |
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Synthesis of Spatial Sound | |
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Sound Rendering | |
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Head-Related Transfer Function | |
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3D Sound Imaging | |
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Utilization of Loudspeaker Location | |
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Sound Systems for VR | |
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Sound Hardware | |
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Sound Engines | |
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Touch | |
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The Need for Touch in VR | |
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Data Gloves | |
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Haptic Rendering | |
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History of Haptic Rendering | |
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Haptic Interfaces | |
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Vibrotactile Displays | |
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Tactile Displays | |
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Kinesthetic Displays | |
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Smell and Taste | |
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The Need for Smells and Tastes in VR | |
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Smell Interfaces | |
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Taste interfaces | |
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Applications | |
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Health Sciences | |
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Virtual Surgery | |
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Virtual Rehabilitation and Therapy | |
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Physiotherapy | |
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Psychological Therapy | |
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Virtual Anatomy | |
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Cultural Heritage | |
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Virtual Campeche and Calakmul | |
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Virtual Dunhuang | |
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Terracotta Soldiers | |
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EU-INCO CAHRISMA and ERATO | |
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EU-IST Archeoguide | |
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EU-IST Lifeplus | |
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Other VR Applications | |
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Vehicle Simulators | |
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Manufacturing | |
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Entertainment | |
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References | |
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Index | |