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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cultural Heritage: The Archaeologist, The Conservator And The Public - An Essential Coalition | |
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| The Archaeologist | |
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| The Conservador | |
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| From Discovery to Display | |
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| Special problems of underwater recovery | |
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| The raising of the Mary Rose - a case study | |
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| Preservation of the evidence - a multi-discipline task | |
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| Conservation with a purpose | |
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| Museums - the past into the future | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Methods In Conservation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preliminary Examination | |
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| Analytical Methods | |
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| Interaction of radiation with matter | |
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| Interaction of elemental particles with matter | |
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| Dating Methods | |
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| Diagnosis Of Deterioration Processes | |
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| Conservation Treatments | |
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| Preventive Conservation | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Paper | |
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| The Constituents Of Paper | |
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| Fibres | |
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| Paper size | |
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| The Directional Properties Of Paper | |
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| How Paper Interacts With Water | |
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| Deterioration Of Paper | |
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| Acid-catalysed hydrolysis of cellulose | |
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| Oxidation of cellulose | |
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| Deacidification | |
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| Bleaching And Washing Of Paper to Remove | |
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| Discolouration | |
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| Accelerated Ageing Tests | |
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| Safe Environments For Paper | |
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| Methods For Monitoring The Deterioration of Paper | |
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| Physical measurements | |
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| Chemical methods | |
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| Characterisation Of Paper | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Textiles | |
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| The Variety Of Textiles | |
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| Textile Materials | |
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| Case Study I: Linen Fibres And The Victory Sail | |
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| The chemical composition and microstructure of linen | |
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| The mechanical performance of the Victory sail | |
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| Degradation of cellulosic fibres | |
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| Humidity and heat | |
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| Acid and alkaline hydrolysis | |
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| Photolytic damage | |
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| Biological degradation | |
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| Acidity measurements on the Victory sail | |
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| Conservation and display of the Victory fore topsail | |
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| Case Study II: Silk Fibres And The Shackleton Ensign | |
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| The chemical composition and microstructure of silk | |
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| Silk processing for use as a textile fibre | |
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| The condition of the Shackleton ensign | |
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| Assessing the condition of silk by microanalytical techniques | |
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| Degradation of silk fibres | |
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| Case Study III: Wool Fibres And The Tree Of Jesse Tapestry | |
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| The Chemical Composition and Microstructure of Wool | |
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| Wool as a Textile Fibre | |
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| Degradation of Wool | |
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| Conservation and Treatment of the Tree of Jesse Tapestry | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Leather | |
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| The Nature And Properties Of Leather | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Criteria which define tannage | |
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| Collagen | |
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| Tanning materials | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Manufacture Of Leather | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vegetable tanning processes | |
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| Alum tawing | |
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| Oil tannage | |
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| Fur dressing | |
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| The Deterioration Of Leather | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physical deterioration | |
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| Biological deterioration | |
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| Chemical deterioration | |
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| Conservation Techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biological deterioration | |
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| Chemical deterioration | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Metals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Extraction | |
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| Metallurgy | |
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| Corrosion | |
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| Field Treatment And Transportation | |
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| Conservation | |
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| Acid pickling | |
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| Aqueous washing | |
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| Electrolytic conservation | |
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| Hydrogen reduction | |
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| Stabilisation And Consolidation | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Glass And Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Deterioration And Conservation Of Glass | |
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| History, Structure And Physical Properties | |
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| History of glass-making | |
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| Structure, technology and physical properties | |
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| Degradation Mechanisms And Phenomena | |
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| Basic reactions in water | |
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| Degradation of objects indoors | |
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| Weathering of stained glass windows | |
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| Degradation of archaeological glasses | |
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| Restoration And Conservation | |
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| Cleaning methods | |
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| Coatings, consolidants, adhesives | |
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| Conditions for storage and display | |
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| Deterioration And Conservation Of Ceramics | |
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| Summary And Conclusions | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Conservation Science Of Plastics | |
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| Plastics In Heritage Collections | |
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| The Chemistry And Physics Of Plastics | |
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| Preparation of polymers | |
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| Additives | |
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| Shaping plastics | |
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| Identification Of Plastics | |
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| Simple tests | |
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| Instrumental analytical techniques | |
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| Degradation Of Plastics | |
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| Degradation of cellulose nitrate | |
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| Degradation of cellulose acetate | |
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| Degradation of plasticized PVC | |
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| Degradation of polyurethane foam | |
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| Conservation Of Plastics | |
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| Conservation of cellulose nitrate | |
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| Conservation of cellulose acetate | |
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| Conservation of polyurethane foam | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Stone | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Degradation 'Equation' | |
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| Material | |
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| Process | |
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| Environment | |
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| Limestone Weathering in an Urban Environment: Illustration of the Interaction of the Three Factors | |
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| Conservation Practices | |
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| Identification | |
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| Prevention | |
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| Barriers to Agents of Degradation | |
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| Removal of Degradation | |
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| Consolidation | |
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| Replacement | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Wall Paintings - Aspects Of Deterioration And Restoration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wall Paintings As An Integral Part Of Buildings | |
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| Damaging Processes | |
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| Deterioration by soluble salts | |
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| Deterioration by microorganisms | |
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| Parameters enhancing microbial colonization | |
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| Biodeterioration | |
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| Cleaning And Consolidation | |
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| Consolidation | |
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| Cleaning methodologies | |
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| Summary | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| Biodeterioration Of Ancient Timbers | |
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| The Biodeteriogens | |
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| Marine wood-boring animals | |
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| Teredinids | |
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| Erosion bacteria | |
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| Tunnelling bacteria | |
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| Cavitation bacteria | |
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| Bacterial symbionts of shipworm | |
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| Soft rot fungi | |
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| Basidiomycete fungi | |
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| Insect borers | |
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| Wood Structure | |
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| Archaeological wood recovered from the marine environment | |
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| Properties and condition of waterlogged archaeological wood | |
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| Storage Of Archaeological Wood | |
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| Wrapping in polyethylene bags or sheeting | |
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| Advice to conservators | |
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| Storage of large wooden artefacts | |
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| The storage of large wooden structures (Mary Rose Hull) | |
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| Reburial | |
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| Conservation Of Archaeological Wood | |
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| Definition and aims | |
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| Lumen filling treatments | |
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| Bulking treatments | |
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| Surface coatings | |
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| Conservation Methods | |
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| Removal of mineral inclusions | |
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| Microbial activity | |
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| Polyethylene glycol method | |
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| In situ polymerisation with radiation curing monomers and resins | |
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| Drying following conservation treatment | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References And Further Reading | |
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| In-Situ Preservation Of Waterlogged Archaeological Sites | |
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| In Situ Preservation | |
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| Environmental Monitoring | |
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| Level | |
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| Pore water composition | |
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| Redox potential | |
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| pH | |
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| Deterioration Of Modern Materials Analogous to Artefacts | |
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| What Does Environmental Monitoring Tell Us In Itself? | |
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| Case Study: In situ preservation of the site of Nydam | |
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| Deterioration and protection of wooden Artefacts | |
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| Deterioration of iron artefacts | |
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| Summary | |
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| References And Further Reading | |