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| Preface | |
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| Understanding the World | |
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| You, the Discoverer | |
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| Venturing into the Unknown | |
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| Embarking on a Ph.D | |
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| The Art of Discovery | |
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| About this Book | |
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| How to Use this Book | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| What is Science? | |
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| Characteristics of the Scientific Approach | |
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| The Inductive Method | |
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| The Hypothetico-Deductive Method | |
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| Consequences of Falsification | |
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| The Role of Confirmation | |
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| Perception is Personal | |
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| The Scientific Community | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Science's Childhood | |
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| Infancy | |
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| Ionian Dawn | |
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| Divine Mathematics | |
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| Adolescence - Revolution! | |
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| The Children of the Revolution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Science Inclined to Experiment | |
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| Galileo's Important Experiment | |
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| Experiment or Hoax? | |
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| Reconstructing the Experiment | |
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| Getting the Swing of Things | |
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| The Message from the Plane | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Scientists, Engineers and Other Poets | |
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| Research and Development | |
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| Characteristics of Research | |
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| Building Theories | |
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| The Relationship between Theory and Reality | |
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| Creativity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Interfering with the World | |
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| Experiment! | |
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| What is an Experiment? | |
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| Questions, Answers and Experiments | |
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| A Gallery of Experiments | |
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| Reflections on the Exhibition | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Statistics | |
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| The Role of Statistics in Data Analysis | |
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| Populations and Samples | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Probability Distribution | |
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| The Central Limit Effect | |
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| Normal Probability Plots | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| The t-Distribution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Statistics for Experiments | |
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| A Teatime Experiment | |
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| The Importance of Randomization | |
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| One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests | |
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| The t-Test for One Sample | |
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| The Power of a Test | |
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| Comparing Two Samples | |
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| Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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| A Measurement System Analysis | |
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| Other Useful Hypothesis Tests | |
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| Interpreting p-Values | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Regression Modeling | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Statistics and the Scientific Method | |
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| Designs with One Categorical Factor | |
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| Several Categorical Factors: the Full Factorial Design | |
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| Are Interactions Important? | |
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| Factor Screening: Fractional Factorial Designs | |
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| Determining the Confounding Pattern | |
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| Design Resolution | |
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| Working with Screening Designs | |
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| Continuous Factors: Regression and Response Surface Methods | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Phase I: Planning | |
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| The Three Phases of Research | |
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| Experiment 1: Visual Orientation in a Beetle | |
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| Experiment 2: Lift-Off Length in a Diesel Engine | |
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| Finding Out What is Not Known | |
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| Determining the Scope | |
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| Tools for Generating Hypotheses | |
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| Thought Experiments | |
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| Planning Checklist | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Phase II: Data Collection | |
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| Generating Understanding from Data | |
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| Measurement Uncertainty | |
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| Developing a Measurement System | |
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| Measurement System Analysis | |
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| The Data Collection Plan | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Phase III: Analysis and Synthesis | |
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| Turning Data into Information | |
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| Graphical Analysis | |
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| Mathematical Analysis | |
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| Writing a Scientific Paper | |
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| Writing a Ph.D. Thesis | |
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| Farewell | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Standard Normal Probabilities | |
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| Probability Points for the f-Distribution | |
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| Index | |