| |
| |
Foreword | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Contributors | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Mushroom Cultivation and Utilization as Functional Foods | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
What Are Mushrooms? | |
| |
| |
| |
Definition of a Mushroom | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecological Classification of Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Identification of Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Concept of Mushroom Biology and Applied Mushroom Biology | |
| |
| |
| |
Mushroom Biology | |
| |
| |
| |
Applied Mushroom Biology | |
| |
| |
| |
Impact of Applied Mushroom Biology | |
| |
| |
| |
Nongreen Revolution | |
| |
| |
| |
Mushroom Bioremediation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mushroom Cultivation | |
| |
| |
| |
Major Phases of Mushroom Cultivation | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Several Selected Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of it Agaricus | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Lentinula edodes | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Volvariella | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Agaricus brasiliensis | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum | |
| |
| |
| |
Utilization of Mushroom Germplasm | |
| |
| |
| |
World Mushroom Production | |
| |
| |
| |
Mushroom Biotechnology | |
| |
| |
| |
Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Nutriceuticals and Dietary Supplements | |
| |
| |
| |
Development of World Mushroom Industry Movements | |
| |
| |
| |
International Movement for Edible Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
International Movement for Medicinal Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
International Movement for Wild Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Remarks | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Analysis and Genomic Studies of Shiitake Mushroom Lentinula edodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Isolation of Genes | |
| |
| |
| |
Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
Substrate-Utilizing Genes | |
| |
| |
| |
Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Mating-Type Genes | |
| |
| |
| |
Genes Differentially Expressed in Dikaryotic Mycelium | |
| |
| |
| |
Genes for Initial Fruiting Bodies/Primordium Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
Genes for Mature Fruiting Bodies Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
Physiological Processes in Lentinula edodes | |
| |
| |
| |
Signal Transduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Energy Production | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Proteins in Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Genetics | |
| |
| |
| |
Generation of Markers | |
| |
| |
| |
Typing/Fingerprinting | |
| |
| |
| |
Genetic Mapping | |
| |
| |
| |
Functional Genomic Approaches for Gene Expression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Differential Display: RAP-PCR | |
| |
| |
| |
cDNA Representation Difference Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
SAGE and LongSAGE | |
| |
| |
| |
SAGE Profiles: Mycelium to Primordium | |
| |
| |
| |
SAGE Profiles: Fruiting Bodies | |
| |
| |
| |
cDNA Microarray | |
| |
| |
| |
Expressed Sequence Tag | |
| |
| |
| |
Yeast Two-Hybrid System | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequencing-by-Synthesis Approach (454 Life Science) | |
| |
| |
| |
Transcriptional Regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Transcriptional Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
Promoter Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformation Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
PEG-Mediated Transformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Restriction Enzyme-Mediated Integration | |
| |
| |
| |
Others | |
| |
| |
| |
Lentinula edodes Genes Used in Transformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Process Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Postharvest Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Stress Responses | |
| |
| |
| |
Studies of Temperature Stress in Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Studies of Molecular Chaperones in Fungi | |
| |
| |
| |
Lignocellulose Degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
Meiosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Wild and Cultivated Edible Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Production of Cultivated Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Nutritional Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
Conventional Edible Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Moisture | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein and Amino Acids | |
| |
| |
| |
Fat | |
| |
| |
| |
Ash and Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Vitamins | |
| |
| |
| |
Dietary Fiber | |
| |
| |
| |
Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| |
Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Components | |
| |
| |
| |
Newly Cultivated/Nonconventional Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Nutritional Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
General Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
Biological Methods for Nutritional Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mushroom Protein Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Benefits of Edible Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
General Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
Antioxidants in Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Bioactive Components and Their Antioxidative Activities | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Mushroom Phenolic Antioxidants | |
| |
| |
| |
Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds from Mushrooms or Fungi | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypoglycemic Effect of Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Sclerotia: Emerging Functional Food Derived from Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Concepts of Mushroom Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Ontogeny of Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Morphological Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
Physiological Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
Translocation | |
| |
| |
| |
Exudation | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure of Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Rind | |
| |
| |
| |
Cortex | |
| |
| |
| |
Medulla | |
| |
| |
| |
Cultivation of Mushroom Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fries) Singer | |
| |
| |
| |
Sclerotia of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke | |
| |
| |
| |
Sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos (Schw.) Ryv. Et Gilbn [Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf] | |
| |
| |
| |
Biochemical, Nutritional, and Technological Characteristics of Mushroom Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Biochemical Components of Mushroom Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Cell Walls | |
| |
| |
| |
Extracellular Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
Cytoplasmic Reserves | |
| |
| |
| |
Nutritional Evaluation of Mushroom Sclerotia | |
| |
| |
| |
Proximate Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
Sclerotial Dietary Fiber | |
| |
| |
| |
Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Mushroom Sclerotial DF | |
| |
| |
| |
Biopharmacological Values of Mushroom Sclerotia of | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
In Vitro Mineral Binding Capacity | |
| |
| |
| |
In Vitro Fermentability | |
| |
| |
| |
In Vivo Ca and Mg Absorption | |
| |
| |
| |
Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of Mushroom Polysaccharides | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Antitumor Polysaccharides from Mushrooms (Higher Fungi) | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanisms of Antitumor Action of Mushroom Polysaccharides | |
| |
| |
| |
Antiproliferation of Cancer Cells and Induction of Apoptosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunomodulation | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Macrophages and Spleen Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on NK Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on DCs | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Hematopoietic Stem Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Antimetastasis | |
| |
| |
| |
Antiangiogenesis | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure and Antitumor Activity Relationship of Polysaccharides | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect of Molecular Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
Impact of Branching Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationship of Antitumor Activity and Conformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Improvement of Antitumor Activity by Chemical Modifications | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulatory Issues of Mushrooms as Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements: Safety and Efficacy | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Legal and Regulatory Issues of Introducing and Controlling Dietary Supplements from Medicinal Mushrooms in Different Countries | |
| |
| |
| |
World Health Organization Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| |
Codex Alimentarius | |
| |
| |
| |
United States | |
| |
| |
| |
European Union | |
| |
| |
| |
Canada | |
| |
| |
| |
Australia and New Zealand | |
| |
| |
| |
Japan | |
| |
| |
| |
Israel | |
| |
| |
| |
Safety and Diversity of Dietary Supplement Types from Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms | |
| |
| |
| |
Submerged Culturing as Best Technique for Obtaining Consistent and Safe Mushroom Products | |
| |
| |
| |
Experiences of Seven Countries in Consolidating Their Food Safety Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |